Miracle on Ice

This article is about the ice hockey match. For the episode of The Penguins of Madagascar, see Miracle On Ice (The Penguins of Madagascar episode).

The "Miracle on Ice" is the name in American popular culture for a medal-round men's ice hockey game during the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, New York, on Friday, February 22. The United States team, made up of amateur and collegiate players and led by coach Herb Brooks, defeated the Soviet team, who were considered to be the best ice hockey team in the world at the time.

Team USA went on to win the gold medal by winning its last match over Finland. The Soviet Union took the silver medal by beating Sweden in its final game.

In 1999, Sports Illustrated named the "Miracle on Ice" the Top Sports Moment of the 20th Century.^[1] As part of its 100th anniversary celebrations in 2008, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) chose the "Miracle on Ice" as the century's number-one international ice hockey story.^[2]

History

The Soviet and American teams

The Soviet Union entered the Olympic tournament as heavy favorites, having won the ice hockey gold medal in 1956 and every year since 1964. In the four Olympics after the Soviet squad was upset by Team USA at Squaw Valley in 1960, Soviet teams had gone 27–1–1 (W-L-T) and outscored the opposition 175–44.^[3] In head-to-head match-ups against the United States, the cumulative score over that period was 28-7.^[4] The Soviet players were amateurs (some were active-duty military)^[5] who played in a well-developed league with world class training facilities. They were led by legendary players in world ice hockey, such as Boris Mikhailov (a top line right winger and team captain), Vladislav Tretiak (considered by many to be the best ice hockey goaltender in the world at the time), the speedy and skilled Valeri Kharlamov, as well as talented, young, and dynamic players such as defenseman Viacheslav Fetisov and forwards Vladimir Krutov and Sergei Makarov. From that team, Tretiak, Kharlamov, and Fetisov would eventually be enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame.

U.S. head coach Herb Brooks conducted tryouts in Colorado Springs in the summer of 1979. Of the 20 players who eventually made the final Olympic roster, Buzz Schneider was the only one returning from the 1976 Olympic team.^[6] Nine players had played under Brooks at the University of Minnesota, while four more were from Boston University.^[7] Assistant coach Craig Patrick had played with Brooks on the 1967 U.S. national team.^[8]

The Soviet and American teams were natural rivals due to the decades-old Cold War. In addition, President Jimmy Carter was at the time considering a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics, to be held in Moscow, in protest of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. On February 9, the same day that the American and Soviet teams met in an exhibition game in New York City, U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance denounced the impending Moscow games at a meeting of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).^[9] President Carter eventually decided in favor of the boycott.

Exhibitions

In exhibitions that year, Soviet club teams went 5–3–1 against National Hockey League (NHL) teams, and a year earlier the Soviet national team had routed the NHL All-Stars 6–0 to win the Challenge Cup.^[10] In 1979–80, virtually all the top North American players were Canadians, although the number of U.S.-born professional players had been on the rise throughout the 1970s. The 1980 U.S. Olympic team featured several young players who were regarded as highly promising, and some had signed contracts to play in the NHL immediately after the tournament.

In September the American team started exhibition play, playing 61 games in five months against teams from Europe and America.^[11] The last exhibition game was against the Soviets in Madison Square Garden on February 9, 1980. The Soviets crushed the Americans 10–3.^[12] Soviet head coach Viktor Tikhonov later said that this victory "turned out to be a very big problem" by causing the Soviets to underestimate the American team.^[13]

Olympic group play

In Olympic group play, the Americans surprised many observers with their physical, cohesive play. In its first game against favored Sweden, Team USA earned a dramatic 2–2 draw by scoring with 27 seconds left after pulling goalie Jim Craig for an extra attacker. Then came a stunning 7–3 victory over Czechoslovakia, considered by many to be the second-best team after the Soviet Union and a favorite for the silver medal. With its two toughest games in the group phase out of the way, the U.S. team reeled off three more wins, beating Norway 5–1, Romania 7–2, and West Germany 4–2 to go 4–0–1 and advance to the medal round from its group, along with the Swedes.

In the other group, the Soviets stormed through their opposition undefeated, often by grossly lopsided scores. They knocked off Japan 16–0, the Netherlands 17–4, Poland 8–1, Finland 4–2, and Canada 6–4 to easily qualify for the next round, although both the Finns and the Canadians gave the Soviets tough games for two periods. In the end, the Soviet Union and Finland (who overcame a disastrous start after sensationally losing to Poland in their opening game of the tournament, but then rallied to upset Canada) advanced from their group.^[14]

Preparing for the medal round

The U.S. and Soviet teams prepared for the medal round in different ways. Soviet coach Viktor Tikhonov rested most of his best players, preferring to let them study plays rather than actually skate. U.S. coach Herb Brooks, however, continued with his tough, confrontational style, skating hard practices and berating his players for perceived weaknesses.

The day before the match, columnist Dave Anderson wrote in the New York Times, "Unless the ice melts, or unless the United States team or another team performs a miracle, as did the American squad in 1960, the Russians are expected to easily win the Olympic gold medal for the sixth time in the last seven tournaments."^[15]

"Do you believe in miracles?"

The Field House (capacity 8,500) was packed.^[16] The home crowd waved U.S. flags and sang patriotic songs such as "God Bless America."^[10] The game was aired live on CTV in Canada, but not ABC in the United States. Thus, American viewers who resided in Canadian border regions and received the CTV signal could watch the game live, but the rest of country had to wait.

After the Soviets declined a request to move the game from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. for U.S. television (this would have meant a 4 a.m. start in Moscow for Soviet viewers), ABC decided to broadcast the late-afternoon game on tape delay in prime time.^[17] Before the game, Brooks read his players a statement he had written out on a piece of paper, telling them that "You were born to be a player. You were meant to be here. This moment is yours."^[18]

First period

As in several previous games, the U.S. team fell behind early. Vladimir Krutov deflected a slap shot by Aleksei Kasatonov past U.S. goaltender Jim Craig to give the Soviets a 1–0 lead, and after Buzz Schneider scored for the United States to tie the game, the Soviets struck again with a Sergei Makarov goal. With his team down 2–1, Craig improved his play, turning away many Soviet shots before the U.S. team had another shot on goal (the Soviet team had 39 shots on goal in the game, the Americans 16).

In the waning seconds of the first period, Dave Christian fired a slap shot on Tretiak from 100 feet away. The Soviet goalie saved the shot but misplayed the rebound, which bounced out some 20 feet in front of him. Mark Johnson sliced between the two defenders, found the loose puck, and fired it past a diving Tretiak to tie the score with one second left in the period. The first period ended with the game tied 2–2.^[19]

Second period

Tikhonov replaced Tretiak with backup goaltender Vladimir Myshkin immediately after Johnson's tying goal,^[20] a move which shocked players on both teams.^[10] Tikhonov later identified this as the "turning point of the game"^[21] and called it "the biggest mistake of my career."^[22] Myshkin allowed no goals in the second period. The Soviets dominated play in the second period, outshooting the Americans 12–2, but scored only once, on a power play goal by Aleksandr Maltsev. After two periods the Soviet Union led 3–2.

Third period

Vladimir Krutov was sent to the penalty box at the 6:47 mark of the third period for slashing. The Americans, who had managed only two shots on Myshkin in 27 minutes, had a power play and a rare offensive opportunity. Myshkin stopped a Mike Ramsey shot, then U.S. team captain Mike Eruzione fired a shot wide. Late in the power play, Dave Silk was advancing into the Soviet zone when Valeri Vasiliev knocked him to the ice. The puck slid to Mark Johnson.^[23] Johnson fired off a shot that went under Myshkin and into the net at the 8:39 mark, as the power play was ending, tying the game at 3.^[24] Only a couple of shifts later, Mark Pavelich passed to Eruzione, who was left undefended in the high slot. Eruzione, who had just come into the game, fired a shot past Myshkin, who was screened by Vasili Pervukhin.^[25] This goal gave Team USA a 4–3 lead, its first of the game, with exactly 10 minutes left.

The Soviets attacked furiously. Moments after Eruzione's goal, Maltsev fired a shot which ricocheted off the right goal post.^[26] As the minutes wound down, Brooks kept repeating to his players, "Play your game. Play your game."^[27] Instead of going into a defensive crouch, the United States continued to play offense, even getting off a few more shots on goal.^[28] The Soviets began to shoot wildly, and Sergei Starikov admitted that "we were panicking." As the clock ticked down below a minute the Soviets got the puck back into the American zone, and Mikhailov passed to Vladimir Petrov, who shot wide.^[29] The Soviets never pulled Myshkin for an extra attacker, much to the Americans' disbelief. Starikov later explained that "We never did six-on-five", not even in practice, because "Tikhonov just didn't believe in it."^[30] Craig kicked away a Petrov slap shot with 33 seconds left. Kharlamov fired the puck back in as the clock ticked below 20 seconds. A wild scramble for the puck ensued, ending when Johnson found it and passed it to Ken Morrow.^[30] As the U.S. team tried to clear the zone (move the puck over the blue line, which they did with seven seconds remaining), the crowd began to count down the seconds left. Sportscaster Al Michaels, who was calling the game on ABC along with former Montreal Canadiens goalie Ken Dryden, picked up on the countdown in his broadcast, and delivered his famous call:^[31]

“

11 seconds, you've got 10 seconds, the countdown going on right now! Morrow, up to Silk. 5 seconds left in the game. Do you believe in miracles? YES!

”

The March 3, 1980 cover of Sports Illustrated ran without any accompanying captions or headlines.

As his team ran all over the ice in celebration, Herb Brooks sprinted back to the locker room and cried.^[32] In the locker room afterwards, players spontaneously broke into a chorus of "God Bless America".^[33]

During the broadcast wrap-up after the game, ABC Olympic sports anchor Jim McKay compared the American victory over the Soviets to a group of Canadian college football players defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers (the recent Super Bowl champions).

For its March 3, 1980 issue, Sports Illustrated ran a cover with just a photograph by Heinz Kluetmeier, without any accompanying captions or headlines. Kluetmeier said, "It didn't need (any cover language). Everyone in America knew what happened."^[34]

American aftermath

Jim Craig's gear from 1980, at the Hockey Hall of Fame

The United States did not win the gold medal upon defeating the USSR. In 1980 the medal round was a round-robin, not a single elimination format as it is today. Under Olympic rules at the time, the group game with Sweden was counted along with the medal round games versus the Soviet Union and Finland so it was mathematically possible for the United States to finish anywhere from first to fourth.^[35]

Needing to win to secure the gold medal, Team USA came back from a 2–1 third period deficit to defeat Finland 4–2.^[14] According to Mike Eruzione, coming into the dressing room in the second intermission, Brooks turned to his players, looked at them and said, "If you lose this game, you'll take it to your graves." He then paused, took a few steps, turned again, said, "Your fucking graves," and walked out.^[36]

At the time, the players ascended a podium to receive their medals and then lined up on the ice for the playing of the national anthem, as the podium was only meant to accommodate one person. Only the team captains remained on the podium for the duration. After the completion of the anthem, Eruzione motioned for his teammates to join him on the podium.^[37] Today, podiums are not used for ice hockey; the teams line up on their respective bluelines after the final game.

The team had the honor of lighting the Olympic cauldron at the 2002 Winter Olympics.

At the 1982 World Championship in Finland, the Americans finished eighth and last in the round-robin tournament and were relegated into the B-Pool for 1983. They lost six straight games and only managed to tie West Germany 5-5 in their last outing. Returnees from the 1980 Olympic victory included Mike Ramsey, Mark Johnson, Buzz Schneider, and John Harrington.

Later careers

Of the 20 players on Team USA, 13 eventually played in the NHL.^[38] Five of them went on to play over 500 NHL games, and three would play over 1,000 NHL games.

• Neal Broten played one more season for the Golden Gophers before moving on to the NHL, and appeared in 1,099 NHL games over 17 seasons, with 992 of them being with the Minnesota North Stars/Dallas Stars franchise. He captained the Stars before being traded midway through the 1994-95 season to the New Jersey Devils. A two-time All-Star, he tallied 923 career points (289 goals, 634 assists), became the first American player to record 100 points in a season, and won a Stanley Cup as a member of the Devils in 1995.^[39] Broten had already won the NCAA championship in 1979 at the University of Minnesota; this, combined with the Olympic gold medal in 1980 and the 1995 Cup win (Broten scored the Cup-winning goal in Game 4 as Viacheslav Fetisov, playing for the Red Wings, fell down), made him the only player in the history of the sport to win a championship at the collegiate, professional, and Olympic levels. The Dallas Stars have since retired number 7 for Broten.

• Ken Morrow won a Stanley Cup in 1980 as a member of the New York Islanders, becoming the first hockey player to win an Olympic gold medal and the Cup in the same year.^[40] He went on to play 550 NHL games and win three more Cups, all with the Islanders.^[41]

• Mike Ramsey played in 1,070 games over 18 years. Fourteen of those years were spent with the Buffalo Sabres, with whom he played 911 games and was a five-time All-Star, captaining the team from 1990–92. In 1995, he played in the Stanley Cup Finals while with the Detroit Red Wings, but got swept by Neal Broten and the New Jersey Devils. In 2000 Ramsey became an assistant coach for the Minnesota Wild.^[42]

• Dave Christian spent 14 years in the NHL, the bulk of them for the original Winnipeg Jets (for whom he served as team captain) and Washington Capitals.^[43] In 1990, Christian played in the Stanley Cup Finals while in the Boston Bruins, but lost in five games by the Edmonton Oilers. He ended his career with 783 points (340 goals, 443 assists) in 1,009 games and made the All-Star team in 1991.^[44]

• Mark Johnson played for several teams in the NHL before finding a home in New Jersey, tallying 508 career points (203 goals, 305 assists) in 669 games over 11 seasons.^[45] Like Christian, Ramsey, and Broten, he became an NHL All-Star (in 1984) and served as team captain with the Hartford Whalers. In 2002 Johnson became the coach of the University of Wisconsin–Madison Women's Hockey team, leading the team to National Championships in 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2011. Johnson also served as head coach of the women's ice hockey team that won the silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

• Jim Craig appeared in 30 NHL games from 1980 through 1984.^[46]

• Team captain Mike Eruzione did not play any high-level ice hockey after the 1980 Olympics, as he felt that he had accomplished all of his hockey goals with the gold medal win.^[47] He did work as a hockey television analyst in the 1980s and 90s.

• Craig Patrick, one of Brooks' assistant coaches, went on to become a successful general manager of the NHL's Pittsburgh Penguins and is now in the Hockey Hall of Fame.

• Herb Brooks, the team coach, was "generally credited with being the best hockey coach of all time."^[48] Brooks himself coached several NHL teams following the Olympics, with mixed results. He returned to the Olympics as coach of the French team in 1998, the first Olympics in which NHL professionals competed. Brooks then led Team USA to the silver medal in 2002, which included a 3-2 victory over Russia (a large part of the former Soviet Union) in the semi-finals, the match coming 22 years to the day after their famous "Miracle on Ice" game.^[49] Brooks died in a car crash near Forest Lake, Minnesota on August 11, 2003 at the age of 66.^[50] In 2005, the Olympic Center ice arena in Lake Placid where the Miracle on Ice took place was renamed in his honor.

• Al Michaels got the job as play-by-play man for ice hockey at Lake Placid because the single ice hockey broadcast of his career to that date, the 1972 Winter Olympics gold medal game, was the only game anyone in the ABC Olympics crew had ever done.^[51] Michaels was named "Sportscaster of the Year" in 1980 for his coverage of the event, and the team received Sports Illustrated magazine's "Sportsmen of the Year" award, as well as being named as Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press and ABC's Wide World of Sports. In 2004, ESPN, as part of their 25th anniversary, declared the Miracle on Ice to be the top sports headline moment, and game of the period 1979–2004. The victory was voted the greatest sports moment of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated.^[52]

Soviet aftermath

In the Soviet locker room Tikhonov singled out first-line players Tretiak, Kharlamov, Petrov, and Mikhailov, and told each of them, "This is your loss!"^[53] Two days after the Miracle on Ice, the Soviet team crushed Sweden 9–2, winning the silver medal. The Soviet players were so upset at their loss that they did not turn in their silver medals to get their names inscribed on them, as is custom.^[54]

The result stunned the Soviet Union and its news media. The day after the loss, the TASS news offices at Lake Placid's International Broadcast Center were closed, with a handwritten note taped to the door of the office stating "Today Closed We Are." Pravda did not mention the game, either in its next daily issue or in its Lake Placid wrap-up.^[54]

Despite the loss, the USSR remained the pre-eminent power in Olympic hockey until its 1991 break-up. The Soviet team did not lose a World Championship game until 1985 and did not lose to the United States again until 1991.^[55] Throughout the 1980s, NHL teams continued to draft Soviet players in hopes of enticing them to eventually play professionally in North America, but it was not until the 1988-89 season that the NHL saw its first Soviet player, when veteran Sergei Pryakhin joined the Calgary Flames.^[56]

In the 1989-90 season, several 1980 Soviet Olympians joined the NHL, including Helmuts Balderis, Vyacheslav Fetisov, Alexei Kasatonov, Vladimir Krutov, and Sergei Makarov. Fetisov was a teammate of Mike Ramsey on the 1995 Detroit Red Wings team that lost the Stanley Cup Final. Fetisov completed his career by winning Cups with the Red Wings in 1997 and 1998; the first Cup win also made Fetisov a member of the Triple Gold Club, consisting of individuals who have won a Stanley Cup plus gold medals at the Olympics and World Championships.^[57] Makarov won the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year in 1989-90, becoming the oldest player to win that award.^[58] That same season, younger Soviet stars Alexander Mogilny and Sergei Fedorov defected to play for the Buffalo Sabres and Detroit Red Wings, respectively. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, a flood of ex-Soviet stars joined the NHL, including Igor Larionov and Vladimir Konstantinov. Since then, many of the NHL's top players have come from the former Soviet republics.

Film and television adaptations

A movie, Miracle on Ice, starring Karl Malden as Brooks and Steve Guttenberg as Craig, aired on television in 1981.^[59] It incorporates actual game footage and original commentary from the 1980 Winter Games.

A second movie called Miracle, starring Kurt Russell as Brooks, was released in 2004. Al Michaels recreated his commentary for most of the games. The final ten seconds, however, and his "Do you believe in miracles? YES!" call, were from the original broadcast and used in the film since the filmmakers felt that they could not ask him to recreate the emotion he felt at that moment. The film was dedicated to Herb Brooks, who died shortly after principal photography began. The movie was released by Walt Disney Pictures, by that point a sister company to ABC.

The documentary film Do You Believe in Miracles?, narrated by Liev Schreiber, appeared on HBO in 2001.^[60]

Team rosters

Paraguayan stamp featuring Robert McClanahan

United States No. Pos. Name Age Hometown College 30 G *Jim Craig 21 North Easton, MA Boston U. 3 D *Ken Morrow 22 Flint, MI Bowling Green 5 D *Mike Ramsey 19 Minneapolis, MN Minnesota 10 C *Mark Johnson 22 Madison, WI Wisconsin 24 LW *Rob McClanahan 22 Saint Paul, MN Minnesota 8 RW *Dave Silk 21 Scituate, MA Boston U. 6 D Bill Baker 22 Grand Rapids, MN Minnesota 9 C Neal Broten 20 Roseau, MN Minnesota 23 D Dave Christian 20 Warroad, MN North Dakota 11 RW Steve Christoff 21 Richfield, MN Minnesota 21 RW Mike Eruzione (C) 25 Winthrop, MA Boston U. 28 RW John Harrington 22 Virginia, MN Minnesota-Duluth 1 G Steve Janaszak 22 Saint Paul, MN Minnesota 17 D Jack O'Callahan 22 Charlestown, MA Boston U. 16 C Mark Pavelich 21 Eveleth, MN Minnesota-Duluth 25 LW Buzz Schneider 25 Babbitt, MN Minnesota 19 RW Eric Strobel 21 Rochester, MN Minnesota 20 D Bob Suter 22 Madison, WI Wisconsin 27 LW Phil Verchota 22 Duluth, MN Minnesota 15 C Mark Wells 21 St. Clair Shores, MI Bowling Green

Soviet Union No. Pos. Name Age Hometown 20 G *Vladislav Tretiak 27 Orudyevo, Moscow Oblast, Russia 2 D *Viacheslav Fetisov 21 Moscow, Russia 7 D *Alexei Kasatonov 20 Saint Petersburg, Russia 16 C *Vladimir Petrov 32 Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast, Russia 17 LW *Valeri Kharlamov 32 Moscow, Russia 13 RW *Boris Mikhailov (K) 35 Moscow, Russia 28 RW Helmuts Balderis 27 Riga, Latvia 3 D Zinetula Bilyaletdinov 24 Moscow, Russia 25 RW Aleksandr Golikov 27 Penza, Russia 22 C Vladimir Golikov 25 Penza, Russia 9 LW Vladimir Krutov 19 Moscow, Russia 23 RW Yuri Lebedev 28 Moscow, Russia 24 RW Sergei Makarov 21 Chelyabinsk, Russia 10 C/RW Aleksandr Maltsev 30 Kirovo-Chepetsk, Russia 1 G Vladimir Myshkin 24 Kirovo-Chepetsk, Russia 5 D Vasili Pervukhin 24 Penza, Russia 15 LW Aleksandr Skvortsov 25 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 8 D Sergei Starikov 21 Chelyabinsk, Russia 6 D Valeri Vasiliev 30 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 11 C Viktor Zhluktov 26 Inta, Russia

* Starting line up

Box score

The Olympic Center today.

USA — USSR 4:3 (2:2, 0:1, 2:0) Score Team Goal Assists Time 0:1 USSR Krutov (9) Kasatonov (7) 9:12 1:1 USA Schneider (25) Pavelich (16) 14:03 1:2 USSR Makarov (24) A. Golikov (25) 17:34 2:2 USA Johnson (10) Christian (23) Silk (8) 19:59 2:3 USSR Maltsev (10) Krutov (9) 22:18 (PP) 3:3 USA Johnson (10) Silk (8) 48:39 (PP) 4:3 USA Eruzione (21) Pavelich (16) Harrington (28) 50:00

Penalty time Time Team Player Min Offense 03:25 USSR Mikhailov (13) 2:00 Hooking 20:58 USA Harrington (28) 2:00 Holding 29:50 USA Craig (30) 2:00 Delay of game (served by Strobel) 37:08 USSR Lebedev (11) 2:00 Unsportsmanlike conduct 37:08 USA Morrow (3) 2:00 Cross-check 46:47 USSR Krutov (9) 2:00 High-stick

• Shots on goal: USA — USSR 16:39 (8:18, 2:12, 6:9)
• Penalty minutes: USA — USSR 6:6 (0:2, 6:2, 0:2)
• Power play goals/attempts: USA: 1-of-2, USSR: 1-of-2
• Goalies: USA: Craig......60:00, 36 saves, 3 GA
• Goalies: USSR: Tretiak...19:59, 6 saves, 2 GA
• Goalies: USSR: Myshkin...40:01, 6 saves, 2 GA
• Note: 19:59 USSR goalie change: Myshkin replaces Tretiak^[14][61]

Officials: Karl-Gustav Kaisla ( Finland) (referee), Nico Toemen ( Netherlands) (linesman), François Larochelle ( Canada) (linesman)

References

1. ^ "The 20th Century Awards: Sports Illustrated honors world's greatest athletes". Sports Illustrated. December 3, 1999. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/cover/news/1999/12/02/awards/. Retrieved 2011-06-11. 
2. ^ "Top Story of the Century". International Ice Hockey Federation. http://www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship/top-story-of-the-century.html. Retrieved 2010-04-04. 
3. ^ Coffey, p. 35
4. ^ Coffey, p. 17
5. ^ Coffey, p. 59
6. ^ Coffey, pp. 19–20
7. ^ Coffey, p. 21
8. ^ Coffey, p. 25
9. ^ Coffey, pp. 159–160
10. ^ ^{a b c} "College kids perform Olympic miracle", ESPN.com
11. ^ Coffey, p. 26
12. ^ Coffey, pp. 46–48
13. ^ Coffey, p. 51
14. ^ ^{a b c} PDF file with «Official results of the XIII Olympic Winter Games — Lake Placid 1980»
15. ^ Kuzmiak, Eric (June 11, 2008). "Open-Mic: Greatest Sports Achievements – Do You Believe in Miracles?". Bleacher Report. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/28926-open-mic-greatest-sports-achievements-do-you-believe-in-miracles. Retrieved 2008-08-14. 
16. ^ Coffey, p. 68
17. ^ Coffey, p. 82
18. ^ Coffey, p. 45
19. ^ "The Golden Goal", E.M. Swift, Sports Illustrated, March 3, 1980. Accessed 2010-04-04
20. ^ Coffey, p. 150
21. ^ The Miracle Unfolds
22. ^ Coffey, p. 152
23. ^ Coffey, pp. 350–352
24. ^ Coffey, p. 358
25. ^ Coffey, p. 374
26. ^ Coffey, p. 377
27. ^ Coffey, p. 379
28. ^ Coffey, p. 381
29. ^ Coffey, p. 383
30. ^ ^{a b} Coffey, p. 384
31. ^ Do You Believe in Miracles?, HBO Films documentary, 2001
32. ^ Coffey, p. 387
33. ^ Bacon, John U., "Oh, Say Can You See a New Anthem?" Ann Arbor Chronicle, February 20, 2010. Accessed 2010-04-04
34. ^ Deitsch, Richard (August 19, 2008). "Heinz Q&A". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/olympics/2008/writers/richard_deitsch/08/19/heinz.qanda/1.html. 
35. ^ Swift, E.M (March 3, 1980). "The Golden Goal". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/the_golden_goal/. 
36. ^ HBO documentary film, Do You Believe In Miracles?
37. ^ Coffey, pp. 412–413
38. ^ Coffey, p. 318
39. ^ Neal Broten page at Hockey Reference
40. ^ Coffey, p. 200
41. ^ Ken Morrow page at Hockey Reference
42. ^ "Mike Ramsey". Hockeydb.com. http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php3?pid=4450. Retrieved 2008-05-23. 
43. ^ "Dave Christian". Hockey Reference. http://www.hockey-reference.com/players/c/chrisda01.html. 
44. ^ "Dave Christian". Hockey Database. Hockeydb.com. http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php3?pid=973. Retrieved 2008-05-23. 
45. ^ "Mark Johnson". Hockeydb.com. http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php3?pid%5B%5D=7848. Retrieved 2008-05-23. 
46. ^ Jim Craig page at Hockey Reference
47. ^ Associated Press, Daytona Beach Morning Journal, March 1, 1980. Accessed 2008-05-23
48. ^ Marling, Karal Ann. Ice: Great Moments in the History of Hard, Cold Water, Minnesota Historical Society (2008) p. 177
49. ^ "USA holds off Russia 3-2 to advance to gold medal game". CNN. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2002/ice_hockey/news/2002/02/22/usa_russia_ap/. Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
50. ^ "Herb Brooks killed in car accident", SI.com, Aug. 11, 2003. Accessed 2008-05-23.
51. ^ "'Miracle on Ice' announcer Al Michaels is back in the Olympic studio", Richard Sandomir, Associated Press, February 22, 2010
52. ^ "The anniversary of a Miracle". St. Petersburg Times. February 22, 2005. http://www.sptimes.com/2005/02/22/news_pf/Sports/The_anniversary_of_a_.shtml. Retrieved 2008-05-23. 
53. ^ Coffey, p. 389
54. ^ ^{a b} Coffey, p. 413
55. ^ Coffey, p. 396–397
56. ^ "Sweeping changes: Russian hockey looked different after '72 Summit Series", SI.com, September 27, 2002. Accessed 2008-05-23
57. ^ Viacheslav Fetisov page at Hockey Reference
58. ^ Sergei Makarov at Hockey Reference
59. ^ Miracle on Ice at the Internet Movie Database Accessed 2008-05-03
60. ^ Miracle on Ice at the Internet Movie Database Accessed 2008-05-23
61. ^ game summary on www.hockeydb.com

• Coffey, Wayne: The Boys of Winter New York City, Crown Publishers, 2005. E-book edition, ISBN 0307237311

External links

• "Born to Be Players, Born to the Moment", Dave Kindred, Washington Post, February 23, 1980
• "U.S. Shocks Soviets in Ice Hockey, 4–3", Leonard Shapiro, Washington Post, February 23, 1980
• "U.S. Defeats Soviet Squad In Olympic Hockey by 4–3", Gerald Eskenazi, New York Times, February 23, 1980
• Audio interview with Miracle on Ice team member Mark Johnson from Wisconsin Public Television
• "Do you believe in miracles?" 25 years later
• Box score. http://www.la84foundation.com/6oic/OfficialReports/1980/orw1980v2.pdf.  This is a PDF file containing the official results for the entire 1980 Winter Olympics. The section on the hockey medal round begins on page 105 and the box score for the 22 February 1980 "Miracle on Ice" game is on page 111
• "Gold: A Celebration of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team" [1]