Elvis impersonator

An Elvis impersonator is someone who impersonates or copies famed American musician Elvis Presley, either as a hobby, a career in entertainment or occasionally for fun. Elvis impersonators can range in ethnic background, size and talent.

Professional Elvis impersonators can work all over the world as entertainers and are in great demand due to the unique iconic status of Elvis. There are even a number of radio stations [cite web
url=http://www.ladyluckmusic.com
title=LadyLuck Music Tribute Artist Radio Station
publisher=LadyLuck Music
year=2006
accessdate=2007-03-15] [cite web
url=http://www.elvii.com
title=Elvii.com Radio Station
publisher=Kitty Coyne
year=2006
accessdate=2007-03-15] that exclusively feature Elvis impersonator material.

Many impersonators sing Presley's songs. "While some of the impersonators perform a whole range of Presley music, the raw 1950s Elvis and the kitschy 1970s Elvis are the favorites." [Eric Lott, "All the King's Men: Elvis Impersonators and White Working-Class Masculinity." In Harry Stecopoulos and Michael Uebel, eds., "Race and the Subject of Masculinities" (Duke University Press, 1997), p.198.]

Origins

The first Elvis impersonators started to appear while Elvis was still alive, evolving mainly out of small town talent competitions which took their influences from major music artists of that time. It wasn't until Elvis's untimely death on August 16, 1977, that impersonating Elvis started to become popular in the mainstream. The large growth in Elvis impersonators seems tightly linked with his ever-growing iconic status.

Andy Kaufman is considered to be one of the first notable Elvis impersonators, and Elvis himself said that Kaufman was his favorite impersonator [ [http://www.villagevoice.com/livoice/9944,feature,9755,0.html Waking Andy Kaufman, The Villiage Voice] ] . In his act he would use his famous "Foreign Man" voice while dressed in the 1970s Elvis style jumpsuits to discourage guests and attendants, only to reveal that he has singing and guitar playing talents. "The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism" describes Kaufman as a "radical" comic personae, who appeared at some of his early club dates as The Foreign Man, a "completely incompetent comic" who spoke in an Eastern European accent and "would botch the punchlines of his unfunny 'jokes,' then insist on starting his entire act all over again each time he made an error until the audience could stand it no longer. Kaufman did not reveal that The Foreign Man was a fictional construct, but would unexpectedly launch into a skilled impersonation of Elvis Presley that seemed beyond The Foreign Man's abilities and then thank the audience once again as The Foreign Man." Kaufman even "demanded that the audience return items of clothing he had tossed while performing Elvis." [Steven Connor, "The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism" (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p.108.] As Kaufman gained fame, the act was used less and less.

Types of Elvis impersonator

There are many differing types of Elvis impersonator. Most fall under the following main types which are:

* Look-alikes who concentrate more on visual elements of Elvis fashion and style using accessories such as wigs, costumes and jewelry.
* Sound alikes who concentrate on changing their voice to sing or talk like Elvis.
* Combination who try to use a combination of both the visual and aural methods listed above.

There are differing levels of impersonation which depends largely on who is doing the impersonation and for what purpose. They mainly fall under three main levels of impersonation which are:

* Professional Full time entertainers who usually do it to earn a living.
* Amateur Enthusiasts or people who do it for a hobby.
* Fun / Comedy Usually done as part of a parody.

"There are heavily bearded Elvises, four-year-old Elvises, and Elvis duos; Italian Elvises, Greek Elvises, Jewish Elvises, Fat Elvises, a Lady Elvis, even a Black Elvis. Impersonator impresario Ed Franklin boasts, 'We've had every type of Elvis there is in the world.' " [Eric Lott, p.194.] Professional Elvis impersonation can be called a special branch of the entertainment industry. "Michael Chapa, an Elvis impersonator who works in Los Angeles and Las Vegas, helped entertain more than 2500 of his relatives at what is believed to be the country's largest Hispanic family reunion ..." [ Kristine L. Blair and Libby Allison, "Cultural Attractions/Cultural Distractions: Critical Literacy in Contemporary Contexts" (2000), p.88.]

There are also some Elvis impersonators who specialise in experimenting with gender, sexuality, race, taste and decency. According to social historian Eric Lott, "the widespread embarrassment and innuendo surrounding Elvis impersonation points more directly to the homoerotic implications built into such acts." [Eric Lott, "All the King's Men: Elvis Impersonators and White Working-Class Masculinity," in Harry Stecopoulos and Michael Uebel, eds., "Race and the Subject of Masculinities" (Duke University Press, 1997), p.202.] There are even some performers who satirize other Elvis impersonators. [See Lois Tyson, "Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide" (1999), p.332.]

Elvis impersonation as manifestation of the Elvis cult

According to Gael Sweeney, Elvis impersonation "offers a spectacle of the grotesque, the display of the fetishized Elvis body by impersonators who use a combination of Christian and New Age imagery and language to describe their devotion to The King. 'True' impersonators believe that they are 'chosen' by The King to continue His work and judge themselves and each other by their 'Authenticity' and ability to 'Channel' Elvis's true essence. True impersonators don't 'do Elvis' for monetary gain, but as missionaries to spread the message of The King. Especially interesting are those who do not perform, per se, that is, they don't do an Elvis act, they just 'live Elvis,' dressing as The King and spreading His Word by their example." [See Gael Sweeney, "The King of White Trash Culture: Elvis Presley and the Aesthetics of Excess." In Annalee Newitz and Matt Wray, eds., "White Trash: Race and Class in America" (1996), p.262.]

However, the Elvis industry includes "professional Elvis impersonator registries." The international guide "I am Elvis", for instance, contains "photos, repertoire, and personal testimonies that serve to materialize the phenomenon of Elvis impersonation and further institutionalize it, including female Elvises, child Elvises, Black Elvises, El Vez the Mexican Elvis, and scores of British, German, Greek and Indian Elvises." [Sweeney, "The King of White Trash Culture," p.262.] According to George Plasketes, there are "legions of impersonators. Airlines have offered discount fares for look-alikes on Elvis holidays... His omnipresence hauntingly hovers..." [George Plasketes, "Images of Elvis Presley in American Culture, 1977-1997: The Mystery Terrain" (1997), p.3.]

Contests, festivals and events

There are many Elvis contests, festivals and other events held across the world celebrating Elvis and his many impersonators. Events tend to attract large numbers of Elvis impersonators and fans.

Collingwood, Ontario Canada holds an annual Elvis festival [cite web
url=http://www.collingwoodelvisfestival.com
title=Collingwood Elvis Festival
publisher=Collingwood Chamber of Commerce
year=2004
accessdate=2007-08-17]

In the UK, the seaside town of Blackpool in England is home to Europe's largest Elvis impersonator contest and convention. This contest is officially licensed by Elvis Presley Enterprises, Inc. [cite web
url=http://www.elviscontest.co.uk
title=Elvis Impersonator Contest
publisher=FoxKing Productions
year=2005
accessdate=2007-08-17] The contest is held annually in early January (currently at The Norbreck Castle Hotel in Blackpool) to coincide with Elvis's birthday. Blackpool also features a busy Elvis Wedding Chapel [cite web
url=http://www.elviswedding.co.uk
title=Elvis Weddings
publisher=Elvis Weddings
year=2003
accessdate=2007-08-17] based at the Queens hotel on the south promenade where couples can have their wedding vows renewed by Martin Fox. [cite web
url=http://www.elvis2k.co.uk
title=Elvis Impersonator
publisher=Martin Fox
year=2003
accessdate=2007-08-17]

CKX, INC which now owns Elvis Presley's Estate and will have full control including the grave of Elvis Presley and his Family members along with his home Graceland in early 2008 has seen the impact on what Elvis Impersonators and contests have on the media and marketing industry. They began using the contest to brand along with their Elvis brand in a way by licensing anyone wanting to have an Elvis contest charging a fee to do so. These have produced poor quality contests.

The Elvis Extravaganza Contests These contests are put on by the Worlds Largest Elvis Presley Fan Club a free membership fan club since 1989. It hosts a variety of contests and tribute shows at major venues in Countries throughout the World. Venues to include State Fairs, Large Festivals and Casinos. The Elvis Extravaganza is the originator of what are called regional contest qualifying rounds which the industry has adapted including Elvis Presley Enterprises. The Elvis Extravaganza hosts a regional round in Las Vegas annually with a National Finals held at a premier venue.The Elvis Extravganza National Finals for 2008 were held at the Florida State fair with an actual attendance figures of 40,000 attendees for it's show alone.

The 2009 Elvis Contest Finals and Elvis Presley fan Convention will be at the Florida State Fair February 13 and 14th 2009.The Elvis Extravaganza is the most premier contest provider and the longest running contest producers in the world reaching thousands of attendees at each of its contest events.

Other contests include Images of the King which in 2006 the longest contest producer died is now run by an elvis impersonator, they license their contests for $150.00 per regional site at various places such as VFW's, casinos and festivals with their finals being held in Memphis each year during Elvis Week. These contests have shown poor attendance figures since CKX,Inc has included itself in the contest industry and having their contest the same week.

Controversies about special impersonators

In August 1996, Elvis Herselvis, a lesbian Elvis impersonator, who had been invited to take part in the Second International Elvis Presley Conference held at the University of Mississippi in order "to test the limits of race, class, sexuality and property...," was banned from this event by the conservative sponsors of Elvis Presley Enterprises. [For more details, see [http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/staff/lawdw/elvwall.pdf David S. Wall, "Policing Elvis: Legal Action and the Shaping of Post-Mortem Celebrity Culture as Contested Space."] ] This ban and some other complaints and controversies concerning unorthodox Elvis impersonation show the powerful influence the Elvis industry still has on mass-media related activities of professional impersonators.

Literature

A number of books are available on the topic of Elvis tribute artists. One of the first books to document the phenomenon was, "I Am Elvis: A Guide to Elvis Impersonators" released by American Graphic Systems in 1991. More recent titles include photo essays, "Living the Life" by Patty Carroll and "The King and I: A little Gallery of Elvis Impersonators" by Kent Baker and Karen Pritkin.

Novelist William McCranor Henderson wrote about his attempts to learn the Elvis trade in, "I, Elvis: Confessions of a Counterfeit King".

A more scholarly examination of Elvis impersonation is, "Impersonating Elvis" by Leslie Rubinowski released in 1997. On "the thriving phenomenon of Elvis impersonators", see also Gilbert B. Rodman, "Elvis After Elvis: The Posthumous Career of a Living Legend" (1996). In the Summer 1997 issue of The Oxford American magaine author Tom Graves wrote an acclaimed article, "Natural Born Elvis," about the first Elvis impersonator, Bill Haney, the only tribute artist Elvis himself ever went to see perform. The article has been published in the anthology The Oxford American Book of Great Music Writing.

There are also two "how to" guides, "Be Elvis!" by Rick Marino, a well-known tribute artist, released in 2000 by Sourcebooks and the more recent, "The Elvis Impersonation Kit" by Laura Lee, released in 2006 by Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers.

There are also several university studies, for instance, Eric Lott's critical essay, "All the King's Men: Elvis Impersonators and White Working-Class Masculinity," published in Harry Stecopoulos and Michael Uebel, eds., "Race and the Subject of Masculinities" (Duke University Press, 1997). The author, professor of American Studies at the University of Virginia, has also written a long piece on Elvis impersonators and the EPIIA (Elvis Presley Impersonators International Association) to be published in his next book. For this paper, he interviewed many impersonators and draws parallels with minstrelsy. "It is indeed one place minstrelsy ends up; where 19th-century white guys imitated what they thought of as slave culture and Elvis took from R & B performers, the impersonators copy the copy, if you will—it's minstrelsy once-removed." [ [http://www.gadflyonline.com/12-10-01/book-ericlott.html Gadfly Online: David McNair and Jayson Whitehead, "Love and Theft."] ] In her paper, "Women Who 'Do Elvis' ", Cornell University researcher Francesca Brittan deals with female Elvis Presley impersonators and finds them to be "campy, cheeky, and often disturbingly convincing." [Francesca Brittan, "Women Who 'Do Elvis': Authenticity, Masculinity and Masquerade", published in the "Journal of Popular Music Studies", Vol. 18, No. 2. (August 2006), p.167-190.] According to Marjorie Garber's academic study, "Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety" (1992), Elvis impersonation is so insistently connected with femininity that it is "almost as if the word 'impersonator', in contemporary popular culture, can be modified "either" by 'female' "or" by 'Elvis.' " [Marjorie Garber, "Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety" (1992), p.372. See also Matt Hills, "Fan Cultures" (2002), p.164.]

Films

3000 Miles to Graceland is a 2001 thriller film, starring Kurt Russell, Kevin Costner, Courteney Cox Arquette, David Arquette, Bokeem Woodbine, Christian Slater, and Kevin Pollak. It is a story of theft and betrayal, revolving around a plot to rob the Riviera Casino during a convention of Elvis impersonators.

"Bubba Ho-tep" is the title of a novella by Joe R. Lansdale which originally appeared in the anthology "The King Is Dead: Tales of Elvis Post-Mortem" (edited by Paul M. Sammon, Delta 1994) and was adapted as a 2002 horror-black comedy film starring Bruce Campbell as Elvis Presley - now a resident in a nursing home. The film version also stars Ossie Davis as Jack, a black man who claims to be John F. Kennedy. He says he was patched up after the assassination in Dallas, dyed black, and abandoned by Lyndon Johnson. The film was directed by Don Coscarelli.

"Honeymoon in Vegas" is a 1992 comedic movie which was directed by Andrew Bergman. Jack Singer, played by Nicolas Cage, encounters a group of "Flying Elvises" (skydiving Elvis impersonators) while trying to reunite with his fiancee.

Almost Elvis [cite web
url=http://www.almostelvis.com
title=Almost Elvis
publisher=John Paget (PAGET FILMS)
year=
accessdate=2008-10-02] is a 75 minute 2001 documentary film that follows a variety of Elvis impersonators as they prepare for a large annual contest in Memphis, Tennessee.

Plays

One of the most popular modern plays dealing with Elvis impersonation is Lee Hall's "Cooking with Elvis" (1999). The comedy centers on the family life of Dad, an Elvis impersonator who was paralyzed in a car crash and is forced to spend the rest of his life in a wheel chair. Climaxes of the play are surreal fantasy scenes in which Dad's hallucinatory Elvis dreams are bursting into popular Presley songs as a reminiscence of his one-time persona of Elvis impersonator.

Quotes

*"The phenomenon of 'Elvis impersonators,' which began long before the singer's death, is one of the most startling effects of the Elvis cult." (Marjorie Garber) [Marjorie B. Garber, "Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety" (1997), p.369.]
*"Impersonating Elvis may seem a tad bizarre, but it is a human rationale that deserves articulation." (Eric Lott) [Eric Lott, "All the King's Men: Elvis Impersonators and White Working-Class Masculinity," p.194.]
*"No phenomenon makes the performative character of Elvis clearer than the impersonators. These people are not known for their musical abilities. The culture's interest in them is not in how they sing or play an instrument, but in their bringing to life the character Elvis Presley first performed." (David Shumway) [David Shumway, "Performance". In Bruce Horner and Thomas Swiss, eds., "Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture" (1999), p.197.]
*"... the masculine anxiety that requires Elvis performers' self-verifying self-protection overdetermines its proletarian struggle for self-validation. The 'secondary identification' (to borrow from Freud) with Elvis through which self-projection occurs seems something like a theatricalized Oedipal introjection of him - necessary to the achievement of identity but never securely accomplished." (Eric Lott) [Eric Lott, p.222.]
*"Elvis impersonators and fans create an ever-evolving Elvis folklore and collectively sustain a deep distrust for those mass-media versions of Elvis from which his estate and their official licensees continue to profit." (Rosemary J. Coombe) [Rosemary J. Coombe, "The Cultural Life of Intellectual Properties: Authorship, Appropiation, and the Law" (Duke University Press, 1998), p.99.]
*"If life was fair, Elvis would still be alive and all the impersonators dead"--Johnny Carson

Pop culture

* "Elvii" is a plural for Elvis impersonators (this, however, is not grammatically correct, as the name "Elvis" derives from Old English. Even if it somehow were a third-declension Latin noun, the plural form would be "Elvēs"). This term was popularized by a "Saturday Night Live" sketch where Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi respectively impersonated the younger and older versions of Elvis.
* In Memphis, Tennessee, the term "Elvira" (plural, "Elviras") has been used to refer to female Elvis impersonators.
* There is a lot of speculation as to how many Elvis impersonators are out there, with experts reckoning that the number of Elvis Presley impersonators has reached an all-time record high.:"There are now at least 85,000 Elvises around the world, compared to only 170 in 1977 when Elvis died. At this rate of growth, experts predict that by 2019 Elvis impersonators will make up a third of the world population." - [http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/shows/2000.12.03.htm The Naked Scientists] 3 December 2000.
* Some professional Elvis impersonators have taken a dislike to the term 'Elvis impersonator' and prefer 'Elvis Tribute Artist' instead. The reasoning behind this is to try and distance themselves from very bad amateur attempts that might harm their professional image. These requests have had little effect over the years and 'Elvis impersonator' still remains the most popular phrase used.
* Billionaire Robert Sillerman, owner of the TV show "American Idol", bought an 85% stake in Elvis Presley Enterprises in 2005. Among other things, this gives him control of Elvis Presley's name and likeness in the US, this however does not include Britain (where the Elvis image is in the public domain), Europe and most other countries in the world. [cite web
url=http://www.nme.com/news/elvis-presley/22830
title=Robert Sillerman comments about likeness rights
publisher=NME
year=2006
accessdate=2007-03-15]
* Three Elvis impersonators make a cameo appearance in the "Babylon 5" episode "Epiphanies" [http://www.midwinter.com/lurk/guide/073.html] , indicating that the Elvis-impersonating tradition is still alive and well in the 23rd century.
*The UK radio presenter Steve Wright includes a comedy feature on his show entitled "Ask Elvis". An Elvis impersonator (Mitch Benn) provides answers to listeners' questions — particularly those of a scientific or technical nature, which the real Elvis would have been unlikely to know. [cite web
url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/shows/wright/elvis.shtml
title=Steve Wright — Ask Elvis
publisher=BBC
year=2007
accessdate=2007-05-30]
*Elvis impersonator Trent Carlini won the summer 2007 reality show "The Next Best Thing" on ABC. A second impersonator finished in the top five.
*In an episode of "Jackass", Phil Margera dons an Elvis costume.
*In an episode of the American sitcom "The Golden Girls", the characters of Blanche and Rose are considering hiring an Elvis impersonator for their "Hunka Hunka Burnin' Love Fan Club," yet Rose mixes up the Elvis list with the guest list for the wedding of the character of Sophia. As a result, Sophia's wedding reception is filled with Elvis impersonators instead of members of her own family, and Rose exclaims, "Either I got the Elvis list mixed with the guest list for the wedding or everyone in Sophia's family appeared on "The Ed Sullivan Show"!"
*In WWF (now known as "World Wrestling Entertainment") a character named the Honky Tonk Man had the gimmick of an Elvis impersonator

References

See also

* Impersonator
* Look-alike
* Tribute band
* Body double
* Doppelgänger
* Dorian Baxter
* Eilert Pilarm
* El Vez
* Elvis Herselvis
* The Flying Elvises
* Cooking with Elvis
* The Honky Tonk Man

External links

* [http://dmoz.org/Arts/Music/Bands_and_Artists/P/Presley,_Elvis/Impersonators/ List of Elvis impersonators] Extensive list of Elvis impersonators at the Open Directory Project
* [http://www.elvisisinthebrowser.com Elvis Is In The Browser] Open database of worldwide Elvii with forum and blog.