Electric piano

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The earliest electric pianos were invented in the late 1920s; the 1929 "Neo-Bechstein" electric grand piano was among the first. Probably the earliest stringless model was Lloyd Loar's "Vivi-Tone Clavier".

The last instruments of this type were made in the mid-1980s. Rhodes has announced a revival for 2008.

Tone Production

The actual method of tone production varies from one model to another;

truck strings

Yamaha, Baldwin, Helpinstill and Kawai's electric pianos are actual grand or upright pianos with strings and hammers. The Helpinstill models have a traditional soundboard; the others have none, and are more akin to a solid-body electric guitar. On Yamaha, Baldwin and Kawai's pianos, the vibration of the strings is converted to an electrical signal by piezoelectric pickups under the bridge. Helpinstill's instruments use a set of electromagnetic pickups attached to the instrument's frame. All these instruments have a tonal character similar to that of an acoustic piano.

truck reeds

Wurlitzer electric pianos use metal reeds which are struck by hammers. The reeds are placed near a set of metal plates, and the reeds and plates together form an electrostatic or capacitative pickup system, using a DC voltage of 170v. This system produces a very distinctive tone – sweet and vibraphone-like when played gently, and developing a hollow resonance as the keys are played harder. The Columbia Elepian, also branded as "Maestro" uses an almost identical system.

truck tuning-forks

The tuning-fork here refers to the struck element having two vibrating parts – physically it bears little resemblance to a traditional type. In Fender Rhodes instruments, the struck portion of the "fork" is a tine of stiff steel wire. The other part of the fork, parallel and adjacent to the tine, is the tonebar, a sturdy steel bar which acts as a resonator and adds sustain to the sound. The tine is fitted with a spring which can be moved along its length to allow the pitch to be varied for fine-tuning. The tine is struck by the small neoprene (originally felt) tip of a hammer activated by a greatly simplified piano action (each key has only three moving parts including the damper). Each tine has an electromagnetic pickup placed just beyond its tip (see also tonewheel). The Rhodes piano has a distinctive bell-like tone, fuller than the Wurlitzer, with longer sustain and with a "growl" when played hard. Hohner's Electra-Piano uses a similar system, with a metal reed replacing the Rhodes' tine. Its sound is correspondingly somewhere between the Rhodes and Wurlitzer.

Plucked reeds

Hohner's original Pianet uses adhesive pads made from foam rubber and leather impregnated with a viscous silicone oil to pluck metal reeds. When the key is released, the pad acts as a damper. An electrostatic pickup system similar to Wurlitzer's is used. The tone produced resembles that of the Wurlitzer but brighter and with less sustain. The same firm's Cembalet uses rubber plectra and separate dampers but is otherwise almost identical. Hohner's later Pianet T uses silicone rubber suction pads rather than adhesive pads and replaces the electrostatic system with passive electromagnetic pickups similar to those of the Rhodes, the reeds themselves however being magnetized. The Pianet T has a far mellower sound not unlike that of the Rhodes instruments. None of the above instruments has the facility for a sustain pedal.

A close copy of the Cembalet is the Weltmeister Claviset, also marketed as the Selmer Pianotron. This has electromagnetic pickups with a battery-powered preamplifier, and later models have multiple tone filters and a sustain pedal.

Others

Although not technically pianos, mention should be made of electric harpsichords and clavichords.

Baldwin's Solid-Body Electric Harpsichord or Combo Harpsichord is an aluminum-framed instrument of fairly traditional form, with no soundboard and with two sets of electromagnetic pickups, one near the plectra and the other at the strings' mid-point. The instrument's sound has something of the character of an electric guitar, and has occasionally been used to stand in for one in modern chamber music. Roger Penney of Bermuda Triangle Band worked on the design and development of the original instrument for the Cannon Guild Company, a premier harpsichord maker located in Cambridge Massachusetts. This instrument had an aluminum [ bar frame, a spruce wood soundboard, contact microphones and a plexiglass (clear plastic) openable lid. The prototypes and design were sold to Baldwin who made some modifications, and then manufactured the instrument under their own name.

Hohner's Clavinet is essentially an electric clavichord. A rubber pad under each key presses the string onto a metal anvil, causing the "fretted" portion of the string to vibrate. When the key is released, the whole string is theoretically free to vibrate but is immediately damped by yarn woven across the far end. Two electromagnetic pickups under the strings detect the vibrations which are then preamplified and filtered.

Playing technique and styles

As with electric vs. acoustic guitars, the sound of most electric pianos differs considerably from that of an acoustic instrument, and the electric piano has thus acquired a musical identity of its own, far beyond that of simply being a portable, amplified piano. In particular, the Rhodes piano lends itself to long, sustained "floating" chords in a way which would be impossible on an acoustic instrument, while the Hohner Clavinet has an instantly recognizable vocabulary of percussive riffs and figures which owe less to conventional keyboard styles than to funk rhythm guitar and slap bass.

*Examples:
**Rhodes piano
**Hohner Cembalet, Clavinet, Pianet, Electra Piano
**Wurlitzer EP-200A
**Yamaha CP-70 Electric Grand Piano

*Popular pieces with electric pianos:
**Fender Rhodes:
***"The Beatles": "Get Back", "Don't Let Me Down" (both played by Billy Preston)
***"Chick Corea": "Spain", "La Fiesta"
***"Herbie Hancock": "Chameleon"
***"Billy Joel": "Just the Way You Are"
***"Stevie Wonder": "You Are the Sunshine of My Life"
***"Pink Floyd": "Dogs", "Hey You
**Hohner Cembalet:
***"Manfred Mann": "Do Wah Diddy Diddy"
***"Elvis Costello": "Veronica"
**Hohner Clavinet:
***"The Band": "Up On Cripple Creek"
***"Stevie Wonder": "Superstition"
***"Emerson, Lake & Palmer": "Nut Rocker"
***"Steely Dan": "Kid Charlemagne"
**Hohner Electra-Piano:
***"Led Zeppelin": "No Quarter"
**Hohner Pianet:
***"The Beatles": "The Night Before", "I Am the Walrus"
***"The Guess Who": "These Eyes"
***"The Zombies": "She's Not There", "Time of the Season"
***"The Kingsmen": "Louie Louie"
**Wurlitzer Electric Piano 200 A
***"Cannonball Adderley Quintet": "Mercy, Mercy, Mercy" (Wurlitzer 100 series)
***"Steely Dan": "Do It Again"
***"Queen": "You're My Best Friend"
***"King Harvest": "Dancing in the Moonlight"
** Baldwin Combo Harpsichord:
***"The Beatles": "Because"

See also

*Digital piano
*Electronic piano
*Rhodes Piano
*DX7 Rhodes