Nepenthes mirabilis

Nepenthes mirabilis
An upper pitcher of Nepenthes mirabilis
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Core eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Nepenthaceae
Genus:	Nepenthes
Species:	N. mirabilis
Binomial name
Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce (1916)
Distribution of N. mirabilis.
Synonyms
Synonyms Nepenthes alata auct. non Blanco: Danser (1928) [=N. alata/?N. benstonei/N. eustachya/N. mirabilis] Nepenthes albolineata F.M.Bail. (1898) Nepenthes alicae F.M.Bail. (1898) Nepenthes armbrustae F.M.Bail. (1905) Nepenthes bernaysii F.M.Bail. (1881) Nepenthes cantharifera Juss. ex Raf. (1835) Nepenthes cholmondeleyi F.M.Bail. (1900) Nepenthes distillatoria auct. non L.: Steud. (1841) Nepenthes echinostoma Hook.f. (1873)[1] Nepenthes fimbriata Bl. (1852) Nepenthes fimbriata var. leptostachya Bl. (1852) Nepenthes garrawayae F.M.Bail. (1905) Nepenthes globosa Sh.Kurata (2007)[2] nom.nud. Nepenthes hainanensis Metcalfe & Chalk (1950) sphalm.typogr. Nepenthes hainaniana Metcalfe & Chalk (1950) nom.nud. Nepenthes hainensis Hort. ex Y.Fukatsu (1999) sphalm.typogr. Nepenthes jardinei F.M.Bail. (1897) Nepenthes kampotiana auct. non Lecomte: Hort. ex Hort.Bot.Berlin in sched. (1996) Nepenthes kennedyana F.Muell. (1865) Nepenthes kennedyana var. rubra Hort. (1880) nom.nud. Nepenthes kennedyi Benth. (1873) sphalm.typogr. Nepenthes macrostachya Bl. (1852) Nepenthes moluccensis Oken (1841) Nepenthes moorei F.M.Bail. (1898) Nepenthes obrieniana Linden & Rodigas (1890) nom.ambiguum [=?N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana × N. hirsuta × N. distillatoria/N. gracilis/N. mirabilis] Nepenthes pascoensis F.M.Bail. (1905) Nepenthes phyllamphora auct. non Willd.: Regel (1881) [=N. khasiana/N. mirabilis] Nepenthes phyllamphora Willd. (1805) nom.illeg. Nepenthes phyllamphora var. macrantha Hook.f. (1873)[1] Nepenthes phyllamphora var. pediculata Lecomte (1909) Nepenthes phyllamphora var. platyphylla Bl. (1852) Nepenthes scyphus Juss. ex Raf. (1835) ?Nepenthes sinensis Hort.Bot.Goettingen in sched. (1998) nom.nud. Nepenthes tubulosa Macfarl. (1908) Nepenthes vieillardii auct. non Hook.f.: Hort. ex Studnicka (1989) Phyllamphora mirabilis Lour. (1790) Heterochresonyms Nepenthes mirabilis auct. non (Lour.) Druce: Danser (1928) [=N. mirabilis/N. rowanae] Informal names Nepenthes sp. Phanga Nga S.McPherson (2009) Nepenthes Viking M.Tada (2007)[3] Pre-Linnaean names "Cantharifera" Rumph. (1750)

Nepenthes mirabilis (pronounced /nɨˈpɛnθiːz mɪˈræbɨlɪs/, from Latin: mirabilis = wonderful), or the Common Swamp Pitcher-Plant,^[4] is a tropical carnivorous plant species of the pitfall trap variety. It has by far the widest distribution of any Nepenthes species and is known from the following countries and regions: Borneo, Sumatra, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Maluku Islands, Myanmar, Cambodia, New Guinea, Australia, Philippines, Indochina, China, Hong Kong, Micronesia, Macau, and Palau. It also exhibits great variabiliy with the most forms and varieties of any species in the genus, the most notable of which is N. mirabilis var. echinostoma, a rare variety endemic to Brunei and Sarawak that possesses an extremely wide peristome.^[5]

The conservation status of N. mirabilis is listed as Least Concern on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.^[6] In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Forestry Regulations Cap. 96A.

According to Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek, the pitchers of N. mirabilis are used as toy phallocrypts in New Guinea.

Taxonomy

Nepenthes mirabilis is closely related to N. rowanae and N. tenax, the only two Nepenthes species endemic to Australia.

Differences between N. mirabilis and N. rowanae (Clarke & Kruger, 2005)

Character	N. mirabilis	N. rowanae
Morphology of leaf blade	Acute to rounded	Contracted towards the apex, then continuing along the tendril as a narrow, acute, extension
Insertion of tendril to leaf blade	Simple	Peltate
Pitcher wings	Simple, bearing multicellular fringe elements	Often flattened at front, forming a T-shape in XS, multicellular fringe elements often present
Leaf blade texture	Usually chartaceous	Strongly coriaceous
Leaf blade attachment to stem	Simple, or rarely decurrent for ⅓ the length of the internode	Decurrent for at least ½ the length of the internode, usually more
Gland density in lower portion of pitcher	1600-2500 / cm²	Approximately 3600 / cm²
Position of pitcher hip in upper pitchers	Mid-way, to lower half	Upper quarter
Position of pitcher hip in lower pitchers	Lower third to quarter	Immediately beneath peristome

Infraspecific taxa

Across its range, N. mirabilis exhibits great variability in terms of pitcher morphology and colour. The following forms and varieties of N. mirabilis have been described. With the exception of N. mirabilis var. echinostoma and N. mirabilis var. globosa, these taxa are not considered valid today.

• Nepenthes mirabilis f. anamensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
• Nepenthes mirabilis var. anamensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
• Nepenthes mirabilis var. biflora J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
• Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma (Hook.f.) Hort.Slack ex J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
• Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa M.Catal. (2010)^[7]
• Nepenthes mirabilis f. simensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
• Nepenthes mirabilis var. simensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
• Nepenthes mirabilis f. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Westphal (2000)
• Nepenthes mirabilis var. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)

N. mirabilis var. echinostoma

An upper pitcher of N. mirabilis var. echinostoma

Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma was discovered by Odoardo Beccari in 1865 and described as a species, N. echinostoma, by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1873.^[4] In 1882, Frederick William Burbidge described this unusual variety in The Gardeners' Chronicle as follows:^[4][8]

Beccari's singular N. echinostoma (vide Herb. Kew) is a wonderful thing, as yet unintroduced—indeed, I suppose unseen by any save Beccari ! The mouths of the urns remind one of the deflexed teeth of some gigantic moss of the Hypnoid section.

Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma is the only form of this species that occurs in Brunei. It has also been recorded from parts of Sarawak, but appears to be completely absent from Sabah.^[4]

N. mirabilis var. globosa

A lower pitcher of a cultivated N. mirabilis var. globosa

Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa has been recorded from a single undisclosed Andaman Sea island off Phang Nga and from the Thai mainland near the city of Trang.^[7][9]

This variety was featured on the cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society, identified as "Nepenthes sp. from Thailand".^[10] The name Nepenthes globosa appeared in print in an article by Shigeo Kurata in the July 2007 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society.^[2] The same issue also featured an article by Masahiro Tada that referred to the plant as "Nepenthes Viking".^[3] Prior to its description by Marcello Catalano in 2010, this taxon was also published under the informal name Nepenthes sp. Phanga Nga in Stewart McPherson's 2009 book, Pitcher Plants of the Old World.^[9]

In the horticultural trade, this variety is popularly known as both Nepenthes globosa^[9] (pronounced /nɨˈpɛnθiːz ɡloʊˈboʊzə/, from Latin: globosus, "globular") and Nepenthes sp. Viking,^[9] after the resemblance the pitchers bear to the prow of a Viking ship.^[11]

Pitcher infauna

A great number of infaunal organisms have been found in the pitchers of this species. These include the sarcophagid fly Sarcophaga papuensis and the mite Nepenthacarus warreni, which have both been found in Australian populations of the plant.^[12][13] Similarly, the mosquitoes Aedes dybasi and Aedes maehleri reside in the pitchers of N. mirabilis on the islands of Palau and Yap, respectively.^[14] Both have unusual life histories and morphological traits associated with this habit.^[15][16]

The nematode Baujardia mirabilis has been described from N. mirabilis in Thailand. It is not thought to be an accidental; the pitchers of this species appear to be the nematode's natural habitat. The microecosystems in these pitchers were found to be dominated by mosquito larvae, midges, and B. mirabilis. It is speculated that this nematode might have a phoretic relationship with one or more infaunal insect species.^[17]

In southern China, tree frogs have been observed in the pitchers of N. mirabilis. The amphibians do not fall prey to the plant, but rather feed on insects that are caught by the pitchers.^[18] They are not affected by the acidic digestive juices (which may have a pH as low as 2), likely due to the mucilagenous outer layer of their skin.^[19]

The first record of an aquatic fungus living in the pitcher organ of a carnivorous plant came from a specimen of N. mirabilis growing along the Jardine River in Australia. The mycelial fungus was observerd as both free-living in the trap's fluid and attached to chitinous insect remains.^[20][21]

The pitchers of N. mirabilis have also been found to harbour a complex community of bacteria.^[22]

Natural hybrids

Nepenthes mirabilis has the greatest number of known natural hybrids of any species in the genus.^[9]

• ? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya]^[23]
• N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata]^[24][25]
• N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis]^[5]
• ? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis]^[26]
• N. andamana × N. mirabilis^[27] (including N. andamana × N. mirabilis var. globosa)^[27]
• N. benstonei × N. mirabilis^[28]
• N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis^[9] (including N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma)^[5]
• ? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma^[5]
• N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?]^[5][9]
• N. insignis × N. mirabilis^[29]
• N. kampotiana × N. mirabilis^[27]
• N. kongkandana × N. mirabilis^[27]
• N. merrilliana × N. mirabilis^[9]
• N. mirabilis × N. northiana^[30][31]
• N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana^[5] (including N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana)^[31]
• N. mirabilis × N. reinwardtiana^[31]
• N. mirabilis × N. rowanae^[32]
• N. mirabilis × N. spathulata^[28]
• N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana^[9]
• N. mirabilis × N. tenax^[9]
• ? N. mirabilis × N. thorelii^[33][34]
• N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana^[9]

• 

  N. benstonei × N. mirabilis

• 

  N. gracilis × N. mirabilis

• 

  N. mirabilis × N. northiana

• 

  N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana

• 

  N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana

• 

  N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana

• 

  ? N. mirabilis × N. thorelii

• 

  ? N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Hooker, J.D. 1873. Nepenthaceae. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
2. ^ ^{a b} (Japanese) Kurata, S. 2007. ネペンテス ・ ノート （XIV） — Nepenthes globosa のネーミングについて. Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society 58(3): 76.
3. ^ ^{a b} (Japanese) Tada, M. 2007. 日本における Nepenthes Viking の渡来と現状について. Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society 58(3): 75.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
6. ^ Clarke et al. (2000). Nepenthes mirabilis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
7. ^ ^{a b} Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa M. Catal. var. nov.PDF In: Nepenthes della Thailandia. Prague. p. 40.
8. ^ Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle 17(1): 56.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
10. ^ (Japanese) Cover of the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society. Insectivorous Plant Society.
11. ^ Guerini, M. 2011. 2010: new species of Carnivorous Plants.PDF Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore.
12. ^ Yeates, D.K., H. de Souza Lopes & G.B. Monteith 1989. A commensal sarcophagid (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Nepenthes mirabilis (Nepenthaceae) pitchers in Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 16: 33–39.
13. ^ Fashing, N.J. 2002. Nepenthacarus, a new genus of Histiostomatidae (Acari: Astigmata) inhabiting the pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce in Far North Queensland, Australia.PDF (1.64 MB) Australian Journal of Entomology 41(1): 7–17. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2002.00263.x
14. ^ Sota, T. & M. Mogi 2006. Origin of pitcher plant mosquitoes in Aedes (Stegomyia): a molecular phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Journal of Medical Entomology 43(5): 795–800. doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[795:OOPPMI]2.0.CO;2
15. ^ Bohart, R.M. 1956. Insects of Micronesia. Diptera: Culicidae.PDF Insects Micronesia 12(1): 1–85.
16. ^ Mogi, M. 2010. Unusual life history traits of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) inhabiting Nepenthes pitchers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 103(4): 618–624. doi:10.1603/AN10028
17. ^ Bert, W., I.T. De Ley, R. Van Driessche, H. Segers & P. De Ley 2003. Baujardia mirabilis gen. n., sp. n. from pitcher plants and its phylogenetic position within Panagrolaimidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida).PDF Nematology 5(3): 405–420. doi:10.1163/156854103769224395
18. ^ Hua, Y. & H. Li 2005. Food web and fluid in pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis in Zhuhai, China.PDF Acta Botanica Gallica 152(2): 165–175.
19. ^ Hua, Y. & L. Kuizheng 2004. The Special Relationship Between Nepenthes and Tree Frogs.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 33(1): 23–24.
20. ^ Cribbs, A.B. 1987. An aquatic fungus from pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis. Queensland Naturalist 28: 72–73.
21. ^ Shnell, D.E. 1992. Literature Review. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 21(3): 80–82.
22. ^ Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid. Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.
23. ^ Lauffenburger, A. 1995. Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids. OmnisTerra.
24. ^ Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(1): 155–158. Abstract
25. ^ Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
26. ^ Lowrie, A. 1983. Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983.PDF (1.25 MB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
27. ^ ^{a b c d} (Italian) Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia. Prague.
28. ^ ^{a b} Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
29. ^ Rischer, H. 1995. Observations on the Nepenthes species of Irian Jaya, Part I: Nepenthes insignis Danser.PDF (461 KB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(3): 75–77.
30. ^ Lee, C.C. 2007. Re: The most accessible limestone hill of Bau. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Phillips, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
32. ^ Clarke, C.M. & R. Kruger 2005. Nepenthes rowanae (Nepenthaceae), a remarkable species from Cape York, Australia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(2): 36–41.
33. ^ Bednar, B. 1983. Nepenthes mirabilis variation.PDF (111 KB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(3): 64.
34. ^ N. thorelii rediscovered. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics.

• Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1992. Nepenthes mirabilis (Loureiro) Druce from Borneo. Malayan Nature Journal 46(2): 75–84.
• Clarke, C.M. 2001. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
• Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
• (German) Gronemeyer, T. 2008. Nepenthes auf den Philippinen – Ein Reisebericht. Das Taublatt 60(1): 15–27.
• Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
• McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
• (German) McPherson, S. & T. Gronemeyer 2008. Die Nepenthesarten der Philippinen Eine Fotodokumentation. Das Taublatt 60(1): 34–78.
• Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
• Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.

Further reading

• Adam, J.H. 1997. Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
• Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
• Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1989. Ecology and taxonomy of Bornean Nepenthes. University of Aberdeen Tropical Biology Newsletter 56: 2–4.
• Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
• Adam, J. H., R. Omar & C. C. Wilcock 2002. Phytochemical screening of flavonoids in three hybrids of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) and their putative parental species from Sarawak and Sabah.PDF OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 2(9): 623–625. doi:10.3923/jbs.2002.623.625
• Adam, J.H., E.M. Nurulhuda, H. Abdul-Halim, O. Abdul-Rahim, A.H. Hafiza, G.K. Gopir, L.M. Pilik, R. Omar, M.B. Qasim, J. Salimon, S. Abdul-Rahim & M.M. Hanafiah 2005. Pitcher plants recorded from BRIS forest in Jambu Bongkok, Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia. Wetland Science 3(3): 183–189.
• Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
• Bednar, B.L. 1983. Nepenthes mirabilis variation.PDF (111 KB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(3): 64.
• Bednar, B.L. 1985. An unusual mirabilis plant.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(4): 91.
• Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
• Chaveerach, A., A. Tanomtong, R. Sudmoon & T. Tanee 2006. Genetic diversity among geographically separated populations of Nepenthes mirabilis. Biologia 61(3): 295–298. doi:10.2478/s11756-006-0054-4
• (Chinese) Chen, J., P. Gao & Z. Gan 2003. 猪笼草的组织培养和快速繁殖. [Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis]. Plant Physiology Communications 39(1): 40.
• Clementi, G. 1843. Sull'aascidio della Nepenthes phyllamphora di Wildenow. Il Cimento 1(13–14): 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF02586236
• (French) Corker, B. 1991. Germination et viabilité des graines de Nepenthes mirabilis. Dionée 24.
• (Indonesian) Dinarti, D., U. Sayekti & Y. Alitalia 2009. Kultur jaringan kantong semar Nepenthes mirabilis.PDF Seminar proceedings, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
• Fashing, N.J. 2010. Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).PDF In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.) Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp. 81–84. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5
• (Chinese) Feng, F., H. Li & J. Xie 2002. 猪笼草的组织培养. [Rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis by tissue culture.] Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops 23(2): 62–65.
• (Chinese) Feng, F., H. Li & J. Xie 2002. 猪笼草的组织培养. [Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis.] Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 24(3): 268–270.
• (Indonesian) Handayani, T. 1999. Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia.PDF [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
• Handayani, T., D. Latifah & Dodo 2005. Diversity and growth behaviour of Nepenthes (pitcher plants) in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan Province.PDF Biodiversitas 6(4): 251–255.
• Kruger, R. 2001. Nepenthes of Cape York (part 1). Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society 20(3): 13–17.
• Kruger, R. 2001. Nepenthes of Cape York (part 2). Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society 20(4): 6–9.
• Lavarack, P.S. 1977. Notes on Nepenthes mirabilis and other carnivorous plants in Queensland.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 6(3): 49–50.
• Lavarack, P.S. 1981. Nepenthes mirabilis in Australia.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 10(3): 69–72, 74–76.
• (Chinese) Liang, R., J. Xie, X. Chen, Shui, S. Wu & Y. Liu 2005. 猪笼草组织培养育苗技术的研究. [Study on the tissue culture and breeding technology of Nepenthes mirabilis.] Journal of Guangdong Landscape Architecture 28(2): 35–37.
• (Chinese) Liang, J., Z. Lu, W. Wang, C. Lin, Q. Guo & G. Liang 2008. 猪笼草离体培养及植株再生研究. [Studies on in vitro culture and plant regeneration in Nepenthes mirabilis.] Journal of Southwest China Normal University (Natural Science) 33(3): 95–98.
• (Chinese) Lvqing, Q., F. Feng & H. Li 2003. 猪笼草组培快繁技术的研究. [Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis.] Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 25(1): 11–13.
• (Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
• Mey, F.S. 2010. Introduction to the pitcher plants (Nepenthes) of Cambodia.PDF Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010(2): 106–117.
• Mokkamul, P., A. Chaveerach, R. Sudmoon & T. Tanee 2007. Species identification and sex determination of the genus Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF (702 KiB) Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10(4): 561–567. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2007.561.567
• Moran, J.A., W.E. Booth & J.K. Charles 1999. Aspects of pitcher morphology and spectral characteristics of six Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species: implications for prey capture.PDF Annals of Botany 83: 521–528.
• Normawati, Y. 2002. The effect of stem length on pitcher and inflorescence production in Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes mirabilis at Serendah Selangor. B.Sc. Thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
• Pavlovič, A., E. Masarovičová & J. Hudák 2007. Carnivorous syndrome in Asian pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes. Annals of Botany 100(3): 527–536. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm145
• Rice, B. 2007. Carnivorous plants with hybrid trapping strategies. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(1): 23–27.
• Schulze, W., E.D. Schulze, J.S. Pate, A.N. Gillison 1997. The nitrogen supply from soils and insects during growth of the pitcher plants Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica. Oecologia 112(4): 464–471. doi:10.1007/s004420050333
• Som, R.M. 1988. Systematic studies on Nepenthes species and hybrids in the Malay Peninsula. Ph.D. thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
• (Chinese) Xie, Y., X. Xie, L. Qiu & Y. Huang 2007. 猪笼草组培快繁技术研究. [Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Nepenthes mirabilis.] Guangxi Agricultural Sciences 38(2): 131–132.
• (Indonesian) Yogiara 2004. Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (Nepenthes spp.) menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA).PDF M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
• Ziemer, R.R. 1988. Carnivorous plants in Micronesia.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 17(3): 70–73.

External links

• Hong Kong Herbarium: Nepenthes mirabilis
• N. mirabilis var. globosa in its natural habitat

v · d · e

Nepenthes (list)

Species

N. adnata N. alata N. alba N. albomarginata N. ampullaria N. andamana N. angasanensis N. argentii N. aristolochioides N. attenboroughii N. beccariana N. bellii N. benstonei N. bicalcarata N. bokorensis N. bongso N. boschiana N. burbidgeae N. burkei N. campanulata N. ceciliae N. chang

N. chaniana N. clipeata N. copelandii N. danseri N. deaniana N. densiflora N. diatas N. distillatoria N. dubia N. edwardsiana N. ephippiata N. eustachya N. eymae N. faizaliana N. flava N. fusca N. gantungensis N. glabrata N. glandulifera N. gracilis N. gracillima N. gymnamphora

N. hamata N. hamiguitanensis N. hirsuta N. hispida N. holdenii N. hurrelliana N. inermis N. insignis N. izumiae N. jacquelineae N. jamban N. junghuhnii N. kampotiana N. kerrii N. khasiana N. klossii N. kongkandana N. lamii N. lavicola N. leonardoi N. lingulata N. longifolia

N. lowii N. macfarlanei N. macrophylla N. macrovulgaris N. madagascariensis N. mantalingajanensis N. mapuluensis N. masoalensis N. maxima N. merrilliana N. micramphora N. mikei N. mindanaoensis N. mira N. mirabilis N. mollis N. muluensis N. murudensis N. naga N. neoguineensis N. northiana N. ovata

N. palawanensis N. paniculata N. papuana N. peltata N. pervillei N. petiolata N. philippinensis N. pilosa N. pitopangii N. platychila N. pulchra N. rafflesiana N. rajah N. ramispina N. reinwardtiana N. rhombicaulis N. rigidifolia N. rowanae N. sanguinea N. saranganiensis N. sibuyanensis N. singalana

N. smilesii N. spathulata N. spectabilis N. stenophylla N. sumatrana N. suratensis N. surigaoensis N. talangensis N. tenax N. tentaculata N. tenuis N. thai N. thorelii N. tobaica N. tomoriana N. treubiana N. truncata N. veitchii N. ventricosa N. vieillardii N. villosa N. vogelii

Incompletely diagnosed taxa: N. sp. Misool • N. sp. Papua • N. sp. Sulawesi
Possible extinct species: N. echinatus • N. echinosporus • N. major

Natural hybrids

N. × alisaputrana N. × bauensis N. × cantleyi N. × cincta

N. × ferrugineomarginata N. × harryana N. × hookeriana N. × kinabaluensis

N. × kuchingensis N. × merrilliata N. × mirabilata N. × pangulubauensis

N. × pyriformis N. × sarawakiensis N. × sharifah-hapsahii N. × trichocarpa

N. × truncalata N. × trusmadiensis N. × tsangoya N. × ventrata

Related topics

Nepenthes taxonomy • Nepenthes infauna • Nepenthes species by distribution • Nepenthes cultivars • Nepenthes literature
Nepenthesin • Nepenthales