Kardzhali

Infobox Settlement
official_name = PAGENAME
subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = BUL
subdivision_type1 = Provinces
(Oblast)
timezone=EET
utc_offset=+2
timezone_DST=EEST
utc_offset_DST=+3
map_caption = Location of Kardzhali
pushpin_

pushpin_label_position =
pushpin_map_caption =Location of Kardzhali
pushpin_mapsize =
leader_title =Mayor
postal_code_type =Postal Code
|native_name=Кърджали
Kırcaali
image_shield=Kardzhali-coat-of-arms.svg
|subdivision_name1=Kardzhali
population_total=63164|population_footnotes=
population_as_of=2005-12-14
elevation_m=275
postal_code=6600
area_code=0361
latd=41|latm=39|lats=|latNS=N|longd=25|longm=22|longs=|longEW=E|leader_name=Hasan Azis Ismail (MRF)

Kardzhali or Kurdzhali ( _bg. Кърджали, _tr. Kırcaali) is a town in Bulgaria, capital of Kardzhali Province in the Eastern Rhodopes. Near the town is the noted Kardzhali Dam.

Geography

Kardzhali is located in the low eastern part of Rhodope Mountains, on both banks of the Arda River between the Kardzhali Dam to the west and the Studen Kladenets dam to the east. The town is 260 km southeast of Sofia. It has a crossroad position from Thrace to the Aegean Sea — part of European transportation route 9.

History

The location of Kardzhali has been inhabited since the Neolithic. Plenty of artifacts have been found during the archaeological excavations comprising ceramics and primitive tools. Most of them are now exhibited in the local museum of history.

Later Thracian tribes settled in the area developing a highly advanced civilization. They built many sanctuaries dedicated to the gods of Sun and Earth. Near the village of Nenkovo (northwest of Kardzhali) an artificial cave was found in 2001. It has the form of a woman's womb. Exactly at noon, when the sun is highest on the sky, a ray of light comes in through a stone slit forming a falitic shade in the cave. According to the Thracian beliefs this is the conception of the new Sun god. This cave is considered a complex astronomic facility (compared to Stonehenge in Great Britain) as the ray of light comes in the cave in a single day in the year. [ [http://novinar.net/?act=news&sql=MjMxOzE1= (2 May 2001) "Вестник Новинар"] Newspaper article in Bulgarian with photos ]

There are many stone castles and palaces the Thracians built in the region — Perperek, Ustra, Vishegrad. The most magnificent is Perperikon where a residence of a Thracian king was situated. The place is getting more popular as archaeological works are in progress and new artifacts are being discovered.

During the Byzantine period Kardzhali was the centre of a Christian eparchy — Achridos.Fact|date=December 2007 The Monastery of John the Precursor (Bulgarian: Йоан Продром or Йоан Предтеча) was built in the 6th-8th century and is now a monument of medieval architecture.

The name Kardzhali is mentioned for the first time in Ottoman documents. It comes from the name of the Ottoman army leader Kardzha Ali (modern Turkish spelling: Kırca Ali), who conquered the region in the 14th century. Its old Bulgarian name, mentioned until the 17th century, was Žerkovo (Zherkovo)Fact|date=December 2007.

The town developed because of its position on the trade roads during the Ottoman rule. However, it remained a small town with almost no industry. During the 18th century Turkish brigands used this remote town as a hide-away and supply point, and the town was named after their leader. The best known of these brigands was led by Pazvantoğlu Osman Pasha who ruled most of northeastern Bulgaria and the Danube estuary until 1807.

Kardzhali and its neighborhood became part of the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia under the stipulations of the Berlin Congress of 1878, but after the reunification of the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia in 1885, was ceded back to the Ottoman Empire as a township of Gümülcine sanjak in Edirne vilayet. Ottoman rule ended during the First Balkan War, with its annexation to Bulgaria by the Bulgarian General Vasil Delov on 21 October 1912. The day has been marked as a municipal holiday since 1937 through concerts and commemorative events. Kardzhali was declared the center of Kardzhali Province in 1949.

Demographics

According to the last census in 2001, Kardzhali municipality ( the city plus 118 villages) had a population of 69830, [ [http://www.nsi.bg/Census_e/PopObsht.htm Bulgarian National Statistical Institute] ] while the city itself had a population of 45729 [ [http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-32&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=1npan The World Gazetteer] ] . More recent estimates give 119978 and 76232 respectively [ [http://www.kardjali.bg/en/index.php?pid=6,8 Kardzhali Municipality] ] , but these estimates are considered doubtful due to their reliance on address registration, while the census is based on persons present. In 1989 the population was estimated at 59,000.

Almost the entire population of Kardzhali was made up of Turks until 1913. Fact|date=April 2008 Later, Bulgarian refugees from Eastern and Western Thrace and Roma people settled in Kardzhali. Some Turks immediately moved to the Ottoman Empire in 1913 in response to the Bulgarian occupation. Further emigration to Turkey continued between 1913 and 1989, either voluntarily, forcefully or under treaties between Bulgaria and Turkey. Bulgarians came in the city from other parts of the country or as refugees from the parts of Thrace left outside Bulgaria. The Turkish immigration from the city was particularly intense in 1989, during the state sponsored Revival Process which saw the forced conversion of ethnic Turks.

After 1990 the deteriorating economic conditions in Bulgaria (and especially the region) during the post-communist transition led many Bulgarians families to leave the area and move to more prosperous parts of Bulgaria or abroad. The economic crisis also affected the remaining Turkish population in the city, resulting in another wave of migration to Turkey.

Kardzhali Region is currently (2006) the region of Bulgaria with the highest relative proportion of ethnic Turks. As of 2003, the population of Kardzhali municipality consisted of 62% Turks, 31% Bulgarians and 3% Roma, among others. [ [http://www.kardjali.bg/en/index.php?pid=6,7 "Structure of the Population" Municipality of Kardzhali] ] . The population structure of the city itself is undetermined, though it is believed that the Turkish and Bulgarian populations are approximately equal. The regional government today is primarily in the hands of the Turkish dominated Movement for Rights and Freedoms political party. The province is represented in the National Assembly of Bulgaria by five deputies.

In December 1989 and January 1990 there were a series of demonstrations in Kardzhali against the liberalization of the anti-Turk laws. A particular issue of contention was whether Turkish should be taught in state schools as an elective. In response Turkish students boycotted the schools until the ban on the mother tongue was discontinued.

Economy

Formerly Kardzhali was a tobacco processing center, but for economic reasons some of the communist era industrial plants are no longer operative. The large deposits of lead and zinc ore in the area make the town an attractive location for the metallurgy and machine building industry.

Retail trade and services constitute the largest share of local production. The abundance of cultural and natural sights in the area also make it a promising area for tourism.

Culture and tourism

The Thracian town of Perperikon is located near the city on a rock high above the valley. It is interesting for the fact that it is cut in the rock.

The monastery of John the Precursor from 11th century is located in the Vesselchane Quarter of the town. It was renovated in 2000 and a new bell tower was built. [ [http://www.kardjali-museum.org/bg/region/cyrkva.htm "Monastery Complex: St. John the Precursor" Kardzhali Museum of History] in Bulgarian;]

The town clock is unique in Bulgaria because it sounds Bulgarian revolutionary songs every hour.

The Kardzhali Museum of History has one of the most extensive exhibitions in Southern Bulgaria. This includes pre-historic tools and ceramics from the Thracian cities of Perperikon and Tatul, Christian icons and ethnographic exhibits. It is located in the old konak (the Turkish town-hall built around 1870) with its period exterior architecture.

There are many open-air restaurants, offering a variety of drinks and cocktails in summer time on the dam. It is a popular place among fans of water sports and fishing.

The town has two drama theaters — "Dimitar Dimov" and "Kadrie Lyatifova", a puppet theater and a museum of history medrese, as well as an art gallery.

Five kilometers from Kardzhali, near the village of Zimzelen, is a small badlands, where a series of white pillars have eroded out of the volcanic tuff which are referred to as the "Kardzhali Pyramids". Ensembles have been given names based on resemblances. One is known as "The Mushrooms" and another as the "Stone Wedding". [ [http://www.abvg.net/galleries/gallery2/index.html "The Stone Wedding near Kardzhali" All Bulgaria Vitual Guide] ]

Dams

There are two large dams on the Arda River. Studen Kladenez Dam is on the east and Kurdzhali Dam is on the west. The city is sandwiched between the two dams. Upper part of Studen Kladenez Dam is now up to the old bridge inside the city. The concrete wall of the Kurdzhali Dam is only about two kilometers upstream from this bridge. The reservoir of the Kurdzhali Dam was recently seeded artificially with European perch. The fish were taken from the Ovčarica (Ovcharitsa) dam.

The first historical moment of the dam was in the 1970s, when it was artificially seeded with sheatfish. Nowadays there are 100 kg representatives. Later, 45,000 carp were introduced into the dam as well.

Notable natives

* Mehmed Talat Pasha (1872–1921), one of the leaders of the Young Turks
* Tahsin Özgüç (1916–2005), Turkish archaeologist
* Paraskeva Simova (b. 1920), Bulgarian professor in physics
* Ali Osman Sönmez (1926–2001), businessman and former member of the Turkish Parliament
* Ivo Papazov (b. 1952), Bulgarian clarinetist
* Angel Naydenov (b. 1958), spokesman of Bulgarian Socialist Party
* Taner Sağır (b. 1985), Turkish world and Olympic gold medalist in weightlifting
* Enver Türkileri, Turkish coach in weightlifting
* Georgi Iliev- Gundi - football player, basketball player, athlet, table tennis player etc.
* Naim Suleymanoglu - Naim Süleymanoğlu is Turkish World and Olympic Champion in weightlifting.
* Halil Mutlu - Halil Mutlu is Turkish World and Olympic Champion in weightlifting.
*George Dimitrov — a famous Bulgarian motoring journalist

ister cities

Kardzhali participates in town twinning programs to improve international contacts:
* Gaziosmanpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
* Elkhart, Indiana, USA
* East Staffordshire, UK
* Vladikavkaz, Russia.

References

External links

* [http://www.kardjali.bg/ Kardzhali municipality website] (Bulgarian), (English), (Turkish)
* [http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/SC/Kardjali Kardzhali Province — cities and villages]
* [http://www.kardjali.info/ Kardjali.info — news from Kardzhali and the region]
* [http://www.kardjali-museum.org/default_eng.htm/ Kardzhali museum of history] Dead link|date=January 2008|url=http://www.kardjali-museum.org/default_eng.htm/
* [http://www.turkkulturevi.net/ Yumer Lyutfi Turkish Cultural Organization] (in Bulgarian and Turkish)
* [http://www.kircaalihaber.com/ News from Kardzhali] (in Turkish and Bulgarian)
* [http://www.virtual-bulgaria.com/bulgaria/central_southern_bulgaria/89.cntns Virtual Bulgaria: Central-Southern Bulgaria]