We Shall Overcome

"We Shall Overcome" is a protest song that became a key anthem of the US civil rights movement. The lyrics of the song are derived from a gospel song by Reverend Charles Tindley. The song was published in 1947 as "We Will Overcome" in the "People's Songs Bulletin" (a publication of People's Songs, an organization of which Pete Seeger was the director and guiding spirit). It appeared in the bulletin as a contribution of and with an introduction by Zilphia Horton, then music director of the Highlander Folk School of Monteagle, Tennessee, a school that trained union organizers. It was her favorite song and she taught it to Pete Seeger (see "Where Have All the Flowers Gone: A Musical Autobiography" by Pete Seeger, 1993-97, p. 34), who included it in his repertoire, as did many other activist singers, such as Frank Hamilton and Joe Glazer, who recorded it in 1950. The song became associated with the Civil Rights movement from 1959, when Guy Carawan stepped in as song leader at Highlander, and the school was a the focus of student non-violent activism. It quickly became the movement's unofficial anthem. Seeger and other famous folksingers in the early 1960s, such as Joan Baez, sang the song at rallies, folk festivals, and concerts in the North and helped make it widely known. Since its rise to prominence, the song, and songs based on it, have been used in a variety of protests worldwide.

Origins

The phrase "We Will Overcome" is derived from the lyrics to a 1901 hymn or gospel music composition by Rev. Charles Tindley of Philadelphia. Tindley was an African Methodist Episcopal Church minister who composed many hymns and lyrics, some 50 of which are known to have survived. The lyrics to "We Shall Overcome" were combined with Tindley's original melody at a later date. Newer lyrics contained the repeated line "I'll overcome someday," and the phrase, "Deep in my heart," which more likely derive from a later gospel song. Whatever the case, various versions can be traced to integrated meetings of black and white coal miners in the early 1900s and to black churches in the 1800s. [ [http://www.springsteenlyrics.com/lyrics/w/weshallovercome.php We Shall Overcome] , Bruce Springsteen's official website.]

According to James J. Fuld, Tindley wrote words that are similar to the song we now know, but his tune was a different one. ["The Book of World-Famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk" (1966; Dover, 1995).] Sometime between 1900 and 1946, someone married Tindley's words to a tune with a family resemblance to that of Michael Praetorius's famous hymn "O Sanctissima." Atron Twigg is possibly responsible for the change. [ [http://taylorhousemuseum.org/pages/tindley.html Tindley] ] Pretorius (1571-1621) himself, could well have taken his tune from the folk tradition, however.

Role of Highlander Folk School

In the fall of 1945 in Charleston, South Carolina, members of the Food and Tobacco Workers Union (who were mostly female and African American), began a five-month strike against the American Tobacco Company . To keep up their spirits during the cold, wet winter of 1945-46, one of the strikers, a woman named Lucille Simmons, led a slow "long meter style" version of the gospel hymn, "We'll Overcome" (I'll Be All Right") to end each day's picketing. Union organizer, Zilphia Horton, who was the wife of the co-founder of the Highlander Folk School (later Highlander Research and Education Center), learned it from Lucille Simmons. Horton was (1935-56) Highlander's music director, and it became her custom to end group meetings each evening by leading this, her favorite song. During the Presidential Campaign of Henry A. Wallace, "We Will Overcome" was printed in "Bulletin No. 3" (Sept., 1948), 8, of People's Songs with an introduction by Horton saying that she had learned it from the CIO Food and Tobacco Workers' Union workers and had found it to be extremely powerful. Pete Seeger, a founding member, and for three years Director of People's Songs, learned it from Horton's version in 1947. [Dunaway, 1990, 222-223; Seeger, 1993, 32; see also, Robbie Lieberman, "My Song is My Weapon: People's Songs, American Communism, and the Politics of Culture, 1930-50" (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, [1989] 1995) p.46, p. 185]

Seeger had first heard the song in 1947, when Horton had taught him a version from striking tobacco workers in North Carolina. Seeger made a few alterations to Horton's version: "I changed it to 'We shall'. . . . I think I liked a more open sound; 'We will' has alliteration to it, but 'We shall' opens the mouth wider; the 'i' in 'will' is not an easy vowel to sing well [...] ." [Seeger, Pete and Blood, Peter (Ed.), "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?: A Singer's Stories, Songs, Seeds, Robberies" (1993). Independent Publications Group, Sing Out Publications, ISBN 1-881322-01-7]

He also added new verses: "We'll walk hand in hand" and "The whole wide world around". In the Fifties Pete taught the song to Frank Hamilton, a singer in California, who in turn taught it to Guy Carawan, who ended up at Highlander in 1959. Carawan had reintroduced the song to the community which had started it - black labor and civil-rights workers.

In 1950, the CIO's Department of Education and Research released the album, "Eight New Songs for Labor", sung by Joe Glazer ("Labor's Troubador"), and the Elm City Four (songs on the album were: "I Ain't No Stranger Now," "Too Old to Work," "That's All," "Humblin' Back," "Shine on Me," "Great Day," "The Mill Was Made of Marble," and "We Will Overcome").

Frank Hamilton, a folk singer from California who was a member of People's Songs and later the Weavers, learned "We Will Overcome" from Pete Seeger's singing. Pete Seeger added some verses ("We'll walk hand in hand" and "The whole wide world around"). Hamilton's friend and traveling companion, fellow-Californian Guy Carawan, learned the song from Hamilton's version. Seeger, Hamilton, and Carawan all visited Highlander in person at various times before Zilphia Horton's death in 1956, and they would also have heard her sing the song there. When, in 1959, Guy Carawan succeeded Horton as music director at Highlander, he reintroduced it at the school. After Horton's death either Pete Seeger, or Waldemar Hille (Music Editor of "People's Songs Bulletin"), or, as Guy believes, community organizer Septima Clark (Adult Literacy Director at Highlander), changed the words "we will overcome" to "we shall overcome." It was the young (many of them teenagers) student-activists at Highlander, however, who gave the song the words and rhythms we know it by today, when they sang it to keep their spirits up during the frightening police raids on Highlander and their subsequent stays in jail in 1959-60. Because of this, Carawan has been reluctant to claim credit for the song's widespread popularity. In the PBS video "We Shall Overcome", Julian Bond credits Carawan with teaching and singing the song at the founding meeting of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in Raleigh, N.C., in 1960. From there, it spread orally and became an anthem of Southern African American labor union and civil rights activism. [Dunaway, 1990, 222-223; Seeger, 1993, 32.] Seeger also has publicly, in concert, credited Carawan with the primary role in teaching and popularizing the song within the Civil Rights Movement.

Widespread adaptation

In August of 1963, folksinger Joan Baez memorably led a crowd of 300,000 in singing "We Shall Overcome" at the Lincoln Memorial during Martin Luther King's March on Washington. President Lyndon Johnson used the phrase "we shall overcome" in addressing Congress on March 15, 1965 [Lyndon Johnson, [http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/johnson.htm speech] of March 15, 1965, accessed March 28, 2007 on HistoryPlace.com] , following violent, "bloody Sunday" attacks on civil rights demonstrators during the Selma to Montgomery marches, thus legitimizing the protest movement. Farmworkers in the United States later sang the song in Spanish during strikes and grape boycotts of the late 1960s.Fact|date=January 2008The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association adopted "we shall overcome" as a slogan and used it in title of their retrospective autobiography publication, "We Shall Overcome - The History of the Struggle for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland 1968-1978". [ [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/purdie.htm CAIN: Civil Rights Association by Bob Purdie ] ] [ [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/nicra/nicra78.htm CAIN: Events: Civil Rights - "We Shall Overcome" published by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA; 1978) ] ] The film "Bloody Sunday" depicts march leader MP Ivan Cooper leading the song shortly before the Bloody Sunday shootings. Bruce Springsteen re-interpreted the song, which has been included on "Where Have All the Flowers Gone: A Tribute to Pete Seeger" and his 2006 album "".

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. made use of "we shall overcome" in the final Sunday March 31, 1968 speech before his assassination [cite web|url=http://www.prospect.org/csnc/blogs/ezraklein_archive?month=06&year=2008&base_name=a_new_normal|title=A new normal.] In a 1965 speech [cite web|url=http://hearingvoices.com/transcript.php?fID=314|title=A New Addition to Martin Luther King's Legacy] King explained the reasons why he believed "we shall overcome" in terms very similar to those used in a 1957 speech to support his belief in "an other-loving God working forever through history for the establishment of His kingdom". [cite web|url=http://www.mlkonline.net/ballot.html|title="Give Us the Ballot,"|publisher=Address Delivered at the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, Washington D.C.|date=1957-05-17] These were:
*Because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.
*Quoting Thomas Carlyle, because no lie can live forever.
*Quoting William Cullen Bryant, truth crushed to earth will rise again.
*Quoting James Russell Lowell, truth is forever on the scaffold, wrong forever on the throne - yet that scaffold sways the future, and behind the dim unknown, stands God within the shadow keeping watch above His own.

"We Shall Overcome" was notably sung by the U.S. Senator for New York Robert F. Kennedy, who led anti-apartheid crowds in choruses from the rooftop of his car while touring the country in 1966. [cite book |author=Thomas, Evan |title=Robert Kennedy : His Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year= |pages=322 |isbn=0-7432-0329-1 |oclc= |doi=] It was also the song Abie Nathan chose to play as the Voice of Peace on October 1, 1993.Fact|date=January 2008, and as a result it found its way to South Africa in the later years of the anti-apartheid movement. [Dunaway, 1990, 243.]

"We Shall Overcome" later was adopted by various anti-Communist movements in the Cold War and post-Cold War. In his memoir about his years teaching English in Czechoslovakia after the Velvet Revolution, Mark Allen wrote:

In Prague in 1989, during the intense weeks of the Velvet Revolution, hundreds of thousands of people sang this haunting music in unison in Wenceslas Square, both in English and in Czech, with special emphasis on the phrase "I do believe." This song's message of hope gave protesters strength to carry on until the powers-that-be themselves finally gave up hope themselves. In the Prague of 1964, (former Communist) Seeger was stunned to find himself being whistled and booed by crowds of Czechs when he spoke out against the Vietnam War. But those same crowds had loved and adopted his rendition of "We Shall Overcome". History is full of such ironies -- if only you are willing to see them. "Prague Symphony" (Praha:Praha Publishing, 2008Fact|date=June 2008|--page number?

In India, its literal translation in Hindi "Hum Honge Kaamyab / Ek Din" became a patriotic/spiritual song during the 1980s, particularly in schools. In Bengali-speaking India and in Bangladesh there are two versions, both popular among school-children and political activists. "Amra Karbo Joy" (a literal translation) was translated by the Bengali folk singer Hemanga Biswas and re-recorded by Bhupen Hazarika. Another version, translated by Shibdas Bandyopadhyay, "Ek Din Surjyer Bhor" (literally translated as "One Day The Sun Will Rise") was recorded by the Calcutta Youth Choir arranged by Ruma Guha Thakurta during the 1971 Bangladesh War of Independence and became one of the largest selling Bengali records. It was a favorite of Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and regularly sung at public events after Bangladesh gained independence. Fact|date=January 2008 In the Indian State of Kerala, the traditional Communist stronghold, the song became popular in college campuses in late 1970s. It was the struggle song of the Students Federation of India SFI, the largest student organisation in the country. The song translated to the regional language Malayalam by N. P. Chandrasekharan, an activist of SFI, in 1980. The translation followed the same tune of the original song. Later it was also published in "Student", the monthly of SFI in Malayalam.Fact|date=January 2008

The melody was also used (with due credit to Tinsley) in a symphony by American composer William Rowland Fact|date=September 2008. In 1999 National Public Radio included "We Shall Overcome" on their NPR 100 list of most important American songs of the 20th century. [ [http://www.npr.org/programs/specials/vote/100list.html The NPR 100 The most important American musical works of the 20th century] ]

Copyright and royalties

"We Shall Overcome" was originally written by Rev. Charles Tindley, of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. As the work was composed in 1901, it is now in the public domain, according to current (2008) US Copyright law, which provides 100 years for musical works before they become public domain. The present version is an adaptation by Zilphia Horton, Guy Carawan, Frank Hamilton, and Pete Seeger, who share the artists' half of the rights, and TRO (The Richmond Organization, which includes Ludlow Music, Essex, Folkways Music, and Hollis Music), which holds the publishers rights (or 50% of the royalty money). Pete Seeger explained that he took out a defensive copyright on advice of his publisher, TRO, to prevent someone else from doing so and "At that time we didn't know Lucille Simmons' name." [Seeger, 1993, p. 33] All royalties go to the "We Shall Overcome" Fund, administered by Highlander under the trusteeship of the "writers" (i.e., the holders of the writers' share of the copyright, who, strictly speaking, are the arrangers and adapters). Such funds are used to give small grants for cultural expression involving African Americans organizing in the U.S. South. ["Highlander Reports", 2004, p. 3.]

ee also

*American Civil Rights Movement Timeline
*Pete Seeger
*
*Guy Carawan
*"Sing for Freedom", Folkways Records, produced by Guy and Candie Carawan, and the Highlander Center. Field recordings from 1960-88, with the Freedom Singers, Birmingham Movement Choir, Georgia Sea Island Singers, Doc Reese, Phil Ochs, Pete Seeger, Len Chandler, and many others. Smithsonian-Folkways CD version 1990.
*"We Shall Overcome: The Complete Carnegie Hall Concert, June 8, 1963, Historic Live recording June 8, 1963". 2-disc set, includes the full concert, starring Pete Seeger, with the Freedom Singers, Columbia # 45312, 1989. Re-released 1997 by Sony as a box CD set.
*"Voices Of The Civil Rights Movement: Black American Freedom Songs 1960-1966" [BOX CD SET] With the Freedom Singers, Fanny Lou Hammer, and Bernice Johnson Reagon, Smithsonian-Folkways CD ASIN: B000001DJT (1997).

Notes

External links

* [http://culturalequity.org/alanlomax/profile_carawan.html Authorized Profile of Guy Carawan with history of the song, "We Shall Overcome"]
* [http://www.eastvillageradio.com/modules.php?name=evrsearch"Freedom in the Air: Albany Georgia. 1961-62. SNCC #101".] Recorded by Guy Carawan, produced for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee by Guy Carawan and Alan Lomax. "Freedom In the Air" . . . is a record of the 1961 protest in Albany, Georgia, when, two weeks before Christmas, 737 people brought the town nearly to a halt to force its integration. The record's never been reissued and that's a shame, as it's a moving document of a community through its protest songs, church services, and experiences in the thick of the civil rights struggle."—Nathan Salsburg, host, "Root Hog or Die", East Village Radio, January 2007.
* [http://mysongbook.de/msb/songs/w/weshallo.html Susanne´s Folksong-Notizen] , excerpts from various articles, liner notes, etc. about "We Shall Overcome".
* [http://gersic.com/writing.php?id=18 Musical Transcription] of "We Shall Overcome," based on a recording of Pete Seeger's version, sung with the SNCC Freedom Singers on the 1963 live Carnegie Hall recording, and the 1988 version by Pete Seeger sung at a reunion concert with Pete and the Freedom Singers on the anthology, "Sing for Freedom", recorded in the field 1960-88 and edited and annotated by Guy and Candie Carawan, released in 1990 as Smithsonian-Folkways CD SF 40032.
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5362968 NPR news article] including full streaming versions of Pete Seeger's classic 1963 live Carnegie Hall recording and Bruce Springsteen's tribute version.
* [http://blogs.citypages.com/pscholtes/2006/06/something_about.asp "Something About That Song Haunts You"] , essay on the history of "We Shall Overcome," "Complicated Fun", June 9, 2006.
* [http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4609485-1.html "Howie Richmond Views Craft Of Song: Publishing Giant Celebrates 50 Years As TRO Founder", by Irv Lichtman, "Billboard", 8, 28, 1999] . Excerpt: "Key folk songs in the [TRO] catalog, as arranged by a number of folklorists, are 'We Shall Overcome,' 'Kisses Sweeter Than Wine' 'On Top Of Old Smokey,' 'So Long, It's Been Good To Know You,' 'Goodnight Irene,' 'If I Had A Hammer,' 'Tom Dooley,' and 'Rock Island Line.'"

References

* Dunaway, David, "How Can I Keep from Singing: Pete Seeger", (orig. pub. 1981, reissued 1990). Da Capo, New York, ISBN 0-306-80399-2.
* Seeger, Pete and Blood, Peter (Ed.), "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?: A Singer's Stories, Songs, Seeds, Robberies" (1993). Independent Publications Group, Sing Out Publications, ISBN 1-881322-01-7
* ___, "The We Shall Overcome Fund". "Highlander Reports", newsletter of the Highlander Research and Education Center, August-November 2004, p.3.
*"We Shall Overcome", PBS Home Video 174, 1990, 58 minutes.

Further reading

*"Sing for Freedom: The Story of the Civil Rights Movement Through Its Songs": Compiled and edited by Guy and Candie Carawan; foreword by Julian Bond (New South Books, 2007), comprising two classic collections of freedom songs: " We Shall Overcome" (1963) and "Freedom Is A Constant Struggle" (1968), reprinted in a single edition. The book includes a major new introduction by Guy and Candie Carawan, words and music to the songs, important documentary photographs, and firsthand accounts by participants in the Civil Rights Movement. Available from [http://www.highlandercenter.org/r-b-songbooks.asp Highlander Center] .
*"We Shall Overcome! Songs of the Southern Freedom Movement": Julius Lester, editorial assistant. Ethel Raim, music editor: Additional musical transcriptions: Joseph Byrd [and] Guy Carawan. New York: Oak Publications, 1963.
*"Freedom is a Constant Struggle", compiled and edited by Guy and Candie Carawan. Oak Publications, 1968.