- Turkish–Armenian War
Infobox Military Conflict
conflict = Turkish-Armenian War
partof =Turkish War of Independence
caption = Armenian civilians fleeing Kars after its capture by Kazım Karabekir's forces.
date =September 24 toDecember 2 ,1920
place =South Caucasus and theDemocratic Republic of Armenia
casus = Skirmishes between Turkish warlords and Armenian border troops inOltu Dr. Andrew Andersen, Ph.D. [http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Armenia/turkarwar.htm Atlas of Conflicts: Turkish-Armenian War] ] Robert H. Hewsen. "Armenia: A Historical Atlas", p. 237. ISBN 0-226-33228-4] ru icon [http://safety.spbstu.ru/book/hrono/hrono/sobyt/1920arm.html Turkish-Armenian War of 1920] ]
result = Turkish victory;Treaty of Alexandropol
territory = Armenia forced to cede more than half its pre-war territory and to give up all the territories granted to it at theTreaty of Sèvres Dr. Andrew Andersen, Ph.D. [http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Armenia/turkarwar.htm Atlas of Conflicts: Turkish-Armenian War] ] Robert H. Hewsen. "Armenia: A Historical Atlas", p. 237. ISBN 0-226-33228-4] ru icon [http://safety.spbstu.ru/book/hrono/hrono/sobyt/1920arm.html Turkish-Armenian War of 1920] ]
combatant1 =
combatant2 =
commander1 =Drastamat Kanayan Movses Silikyan
commander2 =Kazım Karabekir
strength1 = 20,000 combatantsAnahide Ter Minassian: "La république d'Arménie. 1918-1920 La mémoire du siècle.", éditions complexe, Bruxelles 1989 ISBN 2-87027-280-4, p. 220]
strength2 = not more than 20,000
casualties1 = 198,000Vahakn N. Dadrian: "The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus" Berghahn Books, Providence, Oxford 2004, ISBN 978-1571816665, p. 361]
casualties2 =The Turkish-Armenian War was a conflict fought between the
Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) and Turkish Revolutionaries of theTurkish National Movement which lasted from24 September to2 December ,1920 and largely took place in present-day northeasternTurkey and northwesternArmenia .Background
The
Armenian National Liberation Movement declared independence of theDemocratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) before end ofWorld War I .Tovmas Nazarbekian , who was the commander on the Caucasus front and also the governor of theAdministration for Western Armenia , became the first head of state of the DRA.Andranik Toros Ozanian assumed control of the administration of Western Armenia from March 1918 to April 1918. He faced the Ottoman army during the concluding battles of theCaucasus Campaign and assigned the position of civil commissioner toDrastamat Kanayan .Caucasus Campaign (1918)
The Ottoman-Russian friendship treaty (January 1, 1918) and the following
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918) signed by theGrand Vizier Talat Pasha set the condition that all lands Russia had captured in theRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878) , namely Ardahan, Kars, and Batumi, were to be returned to the Ottoman Empire.The new Armenian state was between Russia and the Ottoman Empire; more precisely it was the
Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians (a unified form of theArmenian National Council s) ruled by theDashnak party which declared the DRA to be in between. In March 1918, before the advance of Ottoman forces, the DRA stabilized. It secured western support under the guidance of theArmenian Diaspora , and prepared to defend the regions of (Erzurum ,Bitlis , and theVan Province ). Those were highly important for the new country in its bid not to become a completely land locked state. On March 1918,Vehib Pasha moved the Third Army towards positions of theArmenian volunteer units , thus confronting the preliminaryArmenian military for the first time. Under heavy pressure from the combined forces of the Ottoman army and the Kurdish irregulars, the DRA withdrew fromErzincan to Erzurum. The city of Van, which had been under Armenian control since theVan Resistance , was abandoned as well. The DRA also evacuated Erzurum andSarıkamış after resisting in theBattle of Kara Killisse (1918) , theBattle of Sardarapat , andBattle of Bash Abaran . Vehib Pasha was also reclaimedTrabzon to the north.Treaty of Batum (June 4, 1918)
The border set in the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was implemented. Some additional conditions were also forced on theDemocratic Republic of Armenia in theTreaty of Batum . The signing of the latter treaty falls on the same day as the declaration of the establishment of the DRA.The
Ottoman Empire forced the DRA to abandon Western Armenia with theTreaty of Batum , although it was not recognized by Armenia. However the Ottoman Empire was later forced to fall back on the prewar borders in theArmistice of Mudros which was signed on October 30, 1918.Kars (December 1, 1918)
The period of time elapsed until the
Armistice of Mudros did not leave the Ottomans sufficient time to re-establish their authority over the territories ceded in theTreaty of Batum . The ensuing administrative vacuum saw the emergence of a new state (South West Caucasian Republic) headed byFakhr al-Din Pirioghlu , which was centered inKars and officially constituted itself after theArmistice of Mudros . Its territory was to include the predominantlyMuslim -inhabited regions of Kars andBatum , parts of theErivan district in the province of the same name, and theAkhaltsikhe andAkhalkalaki districts of theTiflis province. However, in practical terms the republic was confined to the provinces of Kars and Ardahan. It existed alongside the general governorship enacted by the British which had been created during theEntente 's intervention inTranscaucasia . [ [http://eng.kavkaz.memo.ru/encyclopediatext/engencyclopedia/id/582432.html Caucasian Knot] (Moscow -based news agency) ] Pirioghlu's reign was abolished by the British High Commissioner, AdmiralSomerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe . Consequently the DRA was able to claim the territory for its own, which had been forced out of the Ottoman Empire before the armistice. Ardahan was occupied by Georgian troops.Active stage
Oltu conflict (June 1920)
The conflict began in June 1920 when Armenian border troops became involved in skirmishes with militant Turkish tribes in the district of
Oltu , a territory which was formerly under the control of theDemocratic Republic of Georgia but ended up in the hands of local Muslim warlords. OnOctober 6 , the tenuous DRA government ordered the partial occupation of the district. Olto was occupied by Armenians in June 16. Using the move as a pretext for war, GeneralKazım Karabekir led four Turkish battalions into the district onSeptember 3 and drove the Armenians out. Karabekir then pushed into the DRA onSeptember 20 prompting the Armenian government to declare war on Turkey four days later.arıkamış, Kağızman, Merdeniq (September 1920)
By
September 28 , Karabekir's forces had occupied Sarıkamış and the following dayKağızman . They then moved towardsKars but this assault was delayed by Armenian resistance. The advancing Turkish battalions devastated the area and reportedly committed acts ofethnic cleansing against the civilian Armenian population that did not have time or willingness to leave their homes. After the Turks captured the city ofMerdeniq , Armenians launched pogroms against local Muslims inYerevan and Kars in response.In early October, the DRA government beseeched aid from the United Kingdom,
France ,Italy , and the rest of the Allied powers, but little was done in response. Most of Britain's available forces in the Near East were concentrated on crushing the tribal uprisings in the British Mandate of Iraq, while France and Italy faced similar difficulties in theFrench Mandate of Syria and Italian-controlledAntalya . Neighboring Georgia declared neutrality during the conflict. Only Greece provided some degree of support with its active operations in western Anatolia. However, Greek military support was not enough to ease Turkish pressure on the DRA.Yerevan Agreement (October 1920)
On October 11, a Soviet plenipotentiary,
Boris Legran arrived to Yerevan with a text to negotiate Soviet-Armenian agreement. The agreement signed at October 24 secured Soviet support. The most important part of this agreement was on Kars, which the DRA agreed to secure.The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV: Between Crescent and Sickle: Partition and Sovietization Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1996 page 259] . The Turkish national movement was not happy with possible agreement between the Soviets and DRA. Karabekir was informed by theGrand National Assembly of Turkey regarding the Boris Legran agreement and ordered to resolve the Kars issue. The same day the agreement between DRA and Soviet was signed, Karabekir moved his forces toward Kars.Kars and Alexandropol (October 1920)
On
October 24 , Karabekir's forces launched a massive campaign on Kars. Rather than fighting for the city, the Armenians abandoned Kars which byOctober 30 came under full Turkish occupation. Those who could not escape in time were faced with pillage, rape, and massacre.Turkish forces continued to advance and soon captured and occupied the city of Alexandropol (present-day
Gyumri ,Armenia ) one week after the capture of Kars. OnNovember 12 , the Turks also captured the strategic village of Agin, northeast of the ruins of the former Armenian capital of Ani and then planned to move towards Yerevan. OnNovember 13 , Georgia broke its neutrality after concluding an agreement with the DRA to invade the disputed region of Lori which was established as a Neutral Zone (the Shulavera Condominium) between the two nations in early 1919. Armenia feared the security of the Armenians in the region if the Turks were to invade.Treaty of Alexandropol (November 1920)
The Turks, headquartered in Alexandropol, presented the Armenians with an ultimatum which they were forced to accept. However, this was followed by a more radical demand which threatened the existence of Armenia as a viable entity. The Armenians at first rejected this demand, but when Karabekir's forces continued to advance, they had little choice but to capitulate. On
November 18 ,1920 , a cease-fire agreement was concluded.However, as the terms of defeat were being negotiated between Karabekir and Armenian Foreign Minister
Alexander Khatisian ,Joseph Stalin , on the command ofVladimir Lenin , orderedGrigoriy Ordzhonikidze to invade the DRA from Azerbaijan in order to establish a new pro-Bolshevik government in the country. OnNovember 29 , the Soviet Eleventh Army invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-dayIjevan ). Fearing the capture ofYerevan andEchmiadzin by Turkish forces in the case that the Bolsheviks should not arrive, the Armenians signed theTreaty of Alexandropol onDecember 2 with Turkey in which the DRA was to disarm most of its military forces, cede more than 50% of its pre-war territory, and to give up all the territories granted to it at the Treaty of Sèvres, which was not ratified by the Armenian Parliament as the Soviet invasion took place at the same time.Aftermath
End of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (December 1920)
In late November 1920, there was yet another Soviet-backed communist uprising in Armenia. On November 28, 1920, blaming Armenia for the invasions of
Sharur (20 November) andKarabakh (21 November), the 11th Red Army under the command of Anatoliy Hekker (Anatoli Gekker) crossed the demarcation line between theDemocratic Republic of Armenia andSoviet Azerbaijan . The second Soviet-Armenian war lasted only a week. Exhausted by the six years of permanent wars and conflicts, the Armenian army and population were incapable of any further active resistance.When, on December 4, 1920, the Red Army entered Yerevan, the government of Armenian Republic effectively surrendered. On
December 5 , the Armenian Revolutionary Committee ("Revkom", consisting mostly of Armenians fromAzerbaijan ) also entered the city. Finally, on the following day, the December 6, theCheka ,Felix Dzerzhinsky 's dreaded secret police, entered Yerevan. The existence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia was then, in effect, ended.Soon afterward, the
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic , under the leadership of Aleksandr Miasnikyan, was proclaimed.Treaty of Kars, 23 October 1921
The violence in
Transcaucasia was finally settled in a friendship treaty betweenTBMM (which was declared Turkey in 1923), and theSoviet Union . The peaceTreaty of Kars , which was signed inKars by the representatives ofRussian SFSR ,Azerbaijan SSR ,Armenian SSR ,Georgian SSR , and TBMM. TBMM had another agreement, "Treaty on Friendship and Brotherhood" also called Treaty of Moscow, signed on March 16, 1921 with the Soviet Union. By this treaty Turkey cededAdjara to the USSR in exchange for the Kars territory (today the Turkish provinces of Kars, Iğdır, and Ardahan).See also
*
Armenian-Azerbaijani war (1918 - 1920)
*Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
*Caucasus Campaign
*Treaty of Kars
*Armenian Genocide Footnotes
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