Amerika (Kafka novel)

infobox Book |
name = Amerika
title_orig = Der Verschollene
translator =


image_caption =
author = Franz Kafka
illustrator =
cover_artist =
country = Germany
language = German
series =
genre = Novel
publisher = Kurt Wolff
release_date = 1927 (orig. German)
media_type = Print (Hardback & Paperback)
pages =
isbn = NA
preceded_by =
followed_by =

"Amerika", also known as "Der Verschollene" or "The Man Who Disappeared", was the incomplete first novel of author Franz Kafka, published posthumously in 1927. The novel originally began as a short story titled "The Stoker".

Plot summary

:"The first chapter of this novel is a short story titled "The Stoker".

The story describes the bizarre wanderings of a 16-year-old European emigrant named Karl Rossmann in the United States, who was forced to go to New York to escape the scandal of his seduction by a housemaid. As the ship arrives in America, he becomes friends with a stoker who is about to be dismissed from his job. Karl identifies with the stoker and decides to help him; together they go to see the captain of the ship. In a surreal turn of events, Karl's uncle, Senator Jacob, is in a meeting with the captain. Karl doesn't know that Senator Jacob is his uncle, but Mr. Jacob recognizes him and takes him away from the stoker. Karl stays with his uncle for some time but is later abandoned by him after making a visit to his uncle's friend without his uncle's full approval. Wandering aimlessly, he becomes friends with two drifters named Robinson and Delamarche. They promise to find him a job, but Karl departs from them on bad terms after he's offered a job by a manageress at Hotel Occidental. He works there as a lift-boy but is fired one day after Robinson shows up drunk at his work asking him for money. Robinson, in turn, gets injured after fighting with some of the lift-boys.

Being dismissed, Karl leaves the hotel with Robinson to Delamarche's place. Once there, a police officer tries to chase him, but he gets away after Delamarche saves him. Delamarche now works for a wealthy lady named Brunelda. She wants to take in Karl as her servant. Karl refuses, but Delamarche physically forces him to stay. He decides to stay but looks for a good opportunity to escape.

One day he sees an advertisement for the Nature Theatre of Oklahoma, which is looking for employees. The theatre promises to find employment for everyone and Karl is taken in by this. Karl applies for a job and gets engaged as a "technical worker". He is then sent to Oklahoma by train and is welcomed by the vastness of the valleys.

Uncertainties

Title

In conversations Kafka used to refer to this book as his "American novel," later he called it simply "The Stoker", after the title of the first chapter, which has appeared separately in 1913. [Kafka (1946, 300).] Kafka's working title was "The Man Who Disappeared" ("Der Verschollene"). [Kafka (1996, xiii).] The title "Amerika" was chosen by Kafka's literary executor, Max Brod, who assembled the uncompleted manuscript and published it after his death. [Kafka (1996, xiii).]

Ending

Kafka broke off his work on this novel with unexpected suddenness. It remained unfinished. From what he told his friend and biographer Max Brod the incomplete chapter about the Nature Theatre of Oklahoma (a chapter the beginning of which particularly delighted Kafka, so that he used to read it aloud with great effect) was intended to be the concluding chapter of the work and should end on a note of reconciliation. In enigmatic language Kafka used to hint smilingly, that within this "almost limitless" theatre his young hero was going to find again a profession, a stand-by, his freedom, even his old home and his parents, as if by some celestial witchery. [Kafka (1946, 301).]

The parts of the narrative immediately preceding this chapter are also incomplete. Two large fragments, describing Karl's service with Brunelda, are extant, but do not fill up the gaps. Only the first six chapters were divided and given titles by Kafka. [Kafka (1946, 301).]

Major themes

The novel is more explicitly humorous and slightly more realistic (except in the last chapter) than most of Kafka's works, but it shares the same motifs of an oppressive and intangible system putting the protagonist repeatedly in bizarre situations. Specifically, within "Amerika", a scorned individual often must plead his innocence in front of remote and mysterious figures of authority.

Inspiration

Kafka was fond of reading travel books and memoirs. Benjamin Franklin's biography was one of his favorite books, from which he liked reading passages aloud. He also always had a longing for free space and distant lands. But in reality he never travelled farther than France and Upper Italy. [Kafka (1946, 300–301).]

Kafka, at the time, was also reading, or rereading, several novels by Charles Dickens and made the following remarks in his diary: "My intention was, as I now see, to write a Dickens novel, enriched by the sharper lights which I took from our modern times, and by the pallid ones I would have found in my own interior." [Kafka (1946, ix–x).]

Adaptations

*The novel was adapted for the screen as the film "Klassenverhältnisse (Class Relations)" by Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet in 1984.

*Federico Fellini’s Intervista revolves around the fictional filming of this novel’s adaptation.

*The novel was made into a movie called "Amerika" in 1994 by Czech director Vladimir Michalek.

Notes

References

* Kafka, Franz (1946). "Amerika", trans. Edwin Muir. New York: New Directions.

* Kafka, Franz (1996). "Amerika", trans. Willa and Edwin Muir. New York: Schocken Book. ISBN 0-8052-1064-4.

# cafa kafka (2006)

External links

* [http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20030929&s=zilcosky092903 Lost in America] a book review by John Zilcosky published in "The New Republic", August 18 2003.
* [http://www.amrep.org/amerika/ Past Productions: Amerika] American Repertory Theatre's stage production by Gideon Lester, after the novel by Franz Kafka. Contains many links of interest at the bottom of the page.