Hardman & Co.

Hardman & Co., otherwise John Hardman Trading Co., Ltd., founded 1838, began manufacturing stained glass in 1844 and has continued to this day as one of the world's leading manufacturers of stained glass and ecclesiastical fittings.

History

url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/images/image/4431-popup.html
title= Flagon
work=Metalwork
accessdate= 2007-12-09] ] John Hardman senior, (1767-1844), of Handsworth in the West Midlands of England, was the head of a family business designing and manufacturing metalwork. He was described as the ‘opulent button maker and medallist’. [Roderick O'Donnell, The Pugins and the Catholic Midlands. ] In the 1830s Augustus Welby Pugin was commissioned by the Roman Catholic Bishop, Thomas Walsh, to design a suitable church to house the remains of St Chad, which had been rescued from destruction at Lichfield Cathedral during the Reformation. When the building was consecrated in 1841 as Saint Chad's Cathedral, it was the first Roman Catholic cathedral to be built in England since the Reformation. For the recently-converted Catholic, Pugin, this was a commission of great importance.

Pugin first had contact with the John Hardmans during the construction of St Chad's Chapel, the forerunner to the cathedral scheme. John Hardman junior, (1812-1867), left the family business in 1838 and set up on his own to manufacture ecclesiatical metalwork. Pugin employed Hardman's to provided metalwork for St Chad's Cathedral. Hardman was an enthusiastic donor, giving the rood screen to the cathedral and being recognised for his provision to various charities by the gift of the Hardman Chantry in which John Hardman senior was interred in 1844, and which remained the family burial place.

From 1845, at the urging of Pugin, John Hardman entered the burgeoning industry of stained glass manufacture. He was joined by his nephew, John Hardman Powell (1827-1894) who married Pugin’s daughter Anne in 1850, and claimed to be Pugin’s only pupil. Powell became the chief designer from about 1849, prior to Pugin’s death in 1852.

Hardman and Powell collaborated with A.W.Pugin's son, E.W. Pugin, firstly in the design of the funeral arrangements of the Earl of Shrewsbury in November 1852. The collaboration between the Hardman firm and the Pugins was to continue after E.W. Pugin’s death in 1875 with the later firm, Pugin & Pugin. For three generations this collaboration was an essential ingredient of their successful domination of Catholic church architecture and decoration in particular and of their influence in the Gothic Revival in general.

Design

Gothic Revival

Through the influence of A.W.Pugin, John Ruskin, and the Oxford Movement, it was considered during the mid 19th century that the only appropriate style in which a church should be built was Gothic. This fashion was combined with a general renewal within the church and a growth of Roman Catholicism. The result was that many designers in different fields tried to imitate the Medieval style in their work. This was particularly the case in the stained glass industry.

Pugin, who supplied the first designs for Hardmans, was thoroughly absorbed in the Medieval and was a designer of the highest order. He literally churned out designs of every description- churches, windows, furniture, vestments, vessels, tiles, jewellery and, for the interiors of the Houses of Parliament, Gothic thrones, Gothic hat-stands and Gothic ashtrays. With his busy regime, he increasingly relied upon his talented son-in-law, Powell, to provide the designs for stained glass.

John Hardman Powell

Powell's stained glass recreates the elegance, the refinement, the brevity that is seen in some of the finest examples of glass, sculpture and illumination of the 13th and 14th centuries. He utilised the flowing, curving lines, the flourish of drapery, the calligraphic brushstrokes and pure colour. However, Powell's work was not, like many stained glass designers, merely imitative. His designs are original innovations in the Gothic style. The quality of Hardman's church windows, particularly in the 1850s and 60s, was superb.

Major commissions

The most famous building that the Hardmans made glass for was the new Houses of Parliament in London, for which Pugin was the interior designer. Pugin employed the Scottish firm of Ballantine and Allen to manufacture the windows that he designed for the House of Lords, but all the rest were made by Hardmans, who have maintained their relationship with that building, repairing and replacing glass damaged or destroyed during World War II.

Apart from the windows created for Pugin's churches in England and Ireland, two of Hardman's major commissions were to come from Australia. In the 1860s the architect Edmund Blacket commissioned Hardmans to supply 27 windows, including a 6-light West window and a 7-light East window for St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney. They were installed for the consecration in 1868.

In the 1880s William Wardell selected the same firm to provide windows for St. Mary's R.C. Cathedral in the same city. This building, of which the nave was not completed until the 1930s, is very much larger than St Andrew's and has three large rose windows and an enormous East window, the tracery of which was based directly on that of Lincoln Cathedral, c.1280. The design of this huge window, depicting the Coronation of the Blessed Virgin Mary is one of the pinnacles of achievement in Gothic Revival stained glass.

Buildings with glass by Hardmans

* St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham -
* The Houses of Parliament, London -
* St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney- a cycle of 27 windows.
* St Augustine's Church, Edgbaston Birmingham
* St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney - every window in this large cathedral supplied by Hardman's over a period of fifty years, 1880s-1930s
* Church of St. Nicholas, Bradfield near Sheffield, East Window. (See below)
* St Catherine's Church, Kingsdown, Kent
* St Patrick's Church, Anderston, Glasgow- windows signed by Hardman in a Church designed by Peter Paul Pugin, 1898.

ee also

Other Early 19th century firms

* Thomas Willement
* William Warrington
* Charles Edmund Clutterbuck
* William Wailes
* Augustus Welby Pugin

Context

* Stained glass
* Stained glass - British glass, 1811-1918
* Victorian Era
* Gothic Revival
* Poor Man's Bible

References

* John Hardman Trading Co.,Ltd., [http://www.hardmantrading.co.uk/home.htm]
*Roderick O'Donnell, "The Pugins and the Catholic Midlands", Gracewing, Archdiocese of Birmingham Historical Commission, 2002
* Elizabeth Morris, "Stained and Decorative Glass", Doubleday, ISBN 0-86824-324-8
* Sarah Brown, "Stained Glass : an Illustrated History", Bracken Books, ISBN 1-85891-157-5
* Simon Jenkins, "England's Thousand Best Churches", Allen Lane, the Penguin Press, ISBN 0-7139-9281-6
* John Harvey, "English Cathedrals", Batsford, 1961, ISBN unknown
* Robert Eberhard, "Church Stained Glass Windows", [http://www.stainedglassrecords.org/home]
* Cliff and Monica Robinson, "Buckinghamshire Stained Glass", [http://www.bucksstainedglass.org.uk/]