PenPoint OS

The PenPoint OS was a product of GO Corporation and was one of the earliest operating systems written specifically for graphical tablets and personal digital assistants. It ran on AT&T's EO Personal Communicator as well as a number of Intel x86 powered Tablet PCs including IBM's ThinkPad 700T series, NCR's 3125, and some of GRiD Systems' pen-based portables.

Developers of the PenPoint OS included Robert Carr, who was involved with the Alto computer at Xerox PARC.

Awards and innovation

Byte magazine awarded PenPoint best Operating System in the 1992 Byte Awards. PenPoint won in the Standards and Operating Systems category in PC Magazine's 1991 Technical Excellence awards [Citation
title = The 8th Annual Awards (1991) - Standards and Operating Systems
url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,1161457,00.asp
access-date = 2007-04-20] .

The PenPoint operating system had novel early implementations of several computing advances, including:
* a large set of gestures such as circle to edit, X to delete, and caret to insert
* using the same gestures at all levels of the operating system and applications
* press and hold for moving any selection, which showed the selection as a floating icon to be dropped into a destination
* a rich notebook user interface metaphor: Documents existed as pages in a notebook with tabs (this was not new in PenPoint, but PenPoint was the first to make it a primary OS interface; Microsoft later did it in Windows for Pen Computing)
* a document architecture where each document was a directory nested in another document's directory (in some sense, this was an extension of the document architecture on Multics)
* dynamic toolkit layout: this allowed applications to rescale for landscape and portrait orientation
* a system-wide pluggable address book

In April 2008, as part of a larger federal court case, the gesture features of the Windows/Tablet PC operating system and hardware were found to infringe on a patent by GO Corp. concerning user interfaces for the PenPoint OS. [Citation
last =Mintz
first =Jessica
coauthors =
title =Microsoft to Appeal $367M Patent Ruling
work =
pages =
language =
publisher =The Associated Press
date =2008-04-04
url = http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-04-04-2507619152_x.htm
accessdate = 2008-09-04 ]

Third-party applications

The novel user interface of PenPoint and the mobile form factor of pen computers inspired many startup software companies, including:
* FutureWave Software (SmartSketch, a vector-drawing program that evolved into Adobe Flash)
* [http://www.glyphic.com/ Glyphic Technology] (Glyphic Script prototype-based programming language, with Codeworks direct interactive programming environment [http://www.ozonehouse.com/mark/codeworks.html] )
* PenMagic (Numero spreadsheet and LetterExpress document fill-in templates)
* Pensoft (Perspective personal data manager)
* Slate (several pen applications). Slate's founders included industry luminaries Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston.
* Gaia Software ("Personal Media" personal productivity applications)
* Conic Systems (LocatorGIS survey/mapping application that briefly went into production at Ordnance Survey in the UK)

Further reading

* R. Carr, D. Shafer, "The Power of PenPoint", ISBN 0-201-57763-1, Addison Wesley, 1991.
* Jerry Kaplan, "Startup: A Silicon Valley Adventure", ISBN 0-14-025731-4, Penguin, 1996.
* Jennifer Edstrom, Marlin Eller, "Barbarians Led by Bill Gates", ISBN 0-80-505755-2, Holt, 1999.

External links

* [http://stevecolwell.com/penpoint.html Thoughts on The Power of PenPoint]
* [http://www.aresluna.org/guidebook/books/thepowerofpenpoint The Power of PenPoint]
* [http://www.penpointonline.com/splash.html Penpoint Communications Studio, an Indianapolis-based marketing communications firm.]
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0140257314/ Startup: A Silicon Valley Adventure]
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000H2MRVG/ Barbarians led by Bill Gates] - Contains two chapters dealing with the story of GO Corporation and the PenPoint OS from a view inside Microsoft.

References