Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art

Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art

Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art is a museum of American art in Bentonville, Arkansas. The museum officially opened November 11, 2011.[1]

Contents

Overview and founding

Alice Walton, the daughter of Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton, has spearheaded the Walton Family Foundation's involvement in developing Crystal Bridges. The museum's glass-and-wood design by architect Moshe Safdie (Boston, MA) and engineer Buro Happold (New York, NY) features a series of pavilions nestled around two creek-fed ponds. The complex constructed by a joint venture of Linbeck Group (Houston, TX) and Nabholz Construction (Conway, AR) includes 217,000 square feet (20,200 m2) of galleries, several meeting and classroom spaces, a library, a sculpture garden, and a gathering space that can accommodate up to 300 people. Additionally, there are outdoor areas for concerts and public events, as well as extensive nature trails. It employs approximately 75 people, and is within walking distance of downtown Bentonville.[2] The museum has amassed $488 million in assets as of August 2008, an amount that will increase as more pieces are continually added to the museum's collection.[3] $317 million of the project's cost has been donated by Alice Walton.[3] A 2011 Forbes' ranking of the world's richest people placed the Wal-Mart heiress at No. 21, with an estimated net worth of $21.2 billion.[4]

In 2005, art historian John Wilmerding was hired for acquisition and advice on museum programming.[5] Wilmerding commented that Alice Walton "will not spend at any cost" and will do her "homework on almost every individual acquisition and will ask for paperwork on market comparables".[6] He stated that often when an artwork became available through a private sale Walton would state ‘Wait, it will come to auction where we can get it at a better price,’ and she was usually correct.[7] He also stated that the museum instantly ranks at least in the top half dozen of American art museums. The museum's "quality and its range and depth already place it among one of the very best."[6]

Headlines were generated after delays in construction and considerably higher costs for acquisitions and the museum itself than originally proposed to the city of Bentonville, Arkansas led to concerns about the favorable tax exemptions granted to the museum from the city in 2005 to secure its construction.[8] Total tax losses to the state of Arkansas and the city of Bentonville are estimated at $17 million based on the financial disclosures given by the museum in the 2008 court case with Fisk University.[8] The total amount of tax loss is estimated to have become considerably higher since then, but may never be disclosed due to the museum's guarded financial practices, including its decision not to disclose the amount spent since 2008 to secure collections, major art pieces, and lesser known works.[9] However, the museum's IRS Form 990-PF notes acquisitions of $43.6 million during 2008, $81.9 million during 2007, $97.3 million in 2006. Through 2008, the total art acquisitions were at least $222.8 million.[6]

Don Bacigalupi was appointed director of the museum in August 2009.[10] Previously, Robert G. Workman had served as director.[11] In early May 2011, the museum announced three endowments by the Walton Family Foundation totaling $800 million. These endowments were established for operating expenses, acquisitions and capital improvements. The operating endowment, totaling $350 million, is being used to fund the museum's annual operating expenses expected to total between $16–20 million per year. The acquisition endowment, totaling $325 million, will be used to fund additions to the museum's permanent collection. The remaining $125 million will be used as a capital improvement endowment to fund future improvements to and maintenance of the museum.[12]

Collaboration with other museums and institutions

In the past few years, Crystal Bridges has been in the news for numerous arrangements and partnerships with other art galleries to share collections.

In 2006, the museum partnered with the National Gallery of Art in an attempt the purchase Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic from Thomas Jefferson University. Under the terms of the agreement, the two museums agreed to pay a record $68 million, but the university gave Philadelphia 45 days to match the offer. The Philadelphia Museum of Art and Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts agreed to collectively match the offer and the painting remained in Philadelphia. The purchase forced both museums to sell some of their best Eakins pieces including Cowboy Singing and the The Cello Player.[13] In April 2007, Crystal Bridges acquired another Eakins belonging to Thomas Jefferson University entitled Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand for an estimated $20 million[14]

Walton held talks with Randolph-Macon Woman’s College in Lynchburg, Virginia in spring of 2007. The college was exploring selling part of the Maier Museum of Art's collection, but voted instead to sell select items from the collection at Christie's.[15]

In 2007, Fisk University agreed to sell a 50% stake in a 101 piece Stieglitz collection to Crystal Bridges for $30 million. The collection was donated to the university by Georgia O'Keeffe. This agreement became tied up in a legal battle between Fisk and the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum in New Mexico,[16] but the museum withdrew its lawsuit later that year. A judge ruled that the collection could possibly be sold to Crystal Bridges if modifications to the contract were made so that Fisk University could not lose its interest in the collection, nor could the joint venture holding ownership of the collection between Fisk University and Crystal Bridges be based in Delaware (or outside Tennessee Courts). The modified agreement would allow the works to stay at Fisk University until 2013 and then begin a two-year rotation with Crystal Bridges.[17]

Crystal Bridges also reportedly has been in discussions with the High Museum of Art in Atlanta to share collections for an undisclosed amount.[18]

Permanent collection

The museum's permanent collection features American art from the Colonial era to contemporary work. Notable works include a Charles Willson Peale portrait of George Washington as well as paintings by George Bellows, Jasper Cropsey, Asher Durand, Thomas Eakins, Marsden Hartley, Winslow Homer, Eastman Johnson, Charles Bird King, John LaFarge, Stuart Davis, Romare Bearden, Norman Rockwell, Mary McCleary and Walton Ford. Also included are works by Chuck Close, Jasper Johns, Norman Lewis, Alfred Maurer, Jackson Pollock and Tom Wesselman.[7][19] Many of Crystal Bridges' paintings are currently on extended loan to other U.S. institutions. Two works, Richard Caton Woodville's War News from Mexico and Arthur Fitzwilliam Tait's The Life of a Hunter: A Tight Fix are included in American Stories: Paintings of Everyday Life, 1765–1915, a traveling exhibition organized by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[20] The Woodville painting was deaccessioned by the National Academy of Design, and was purchased in 1994 by Detroit collector Richard Manoogian. The piece was later purchased in 2004 by Crystal Bridges.[21]

In May 2005, the museum purchased a coveted Asher B. Durand landscape entitled Kindred Spirits from the New York Public Library for more than $35 million in a sealed auction.[22]

Sculpture also figures prominently in the collection, on view in interior galleries and along outdoor sculpture trails. Sculptors represented in the permanent collection include Paul Manship, Mark di Suvero, Ted Jones and James Turrell.

Select auction results for items in the collection are:

Selected works in the museum collection

  • Cupid and Psyche (1808) by Benjamin West.

  • Winter Scene in Brooklyn (c.1817-1820) by Francis Guy.

  • Samuel Beals Thomas, with His Wife, Sarah Kellogg Thomas, and Their Two Daughters, Abigail and Pauline (1830) by Edward Dalton Marchant.

  • War News from Mexico (1848) by Richard Caton Woodville.

  • Kindred Spirits (1849) by Asher B. Durand.

  • Portrait of Professor Benjamin Rand (1874) by Thomas Eakins.

  • Robert Louis Stevenson and His Wife (1885) by John Singer Sargent.

  • The Art Student: Portrait of James Wright (circa 1890) by Thomas Eakins.

  • World's Columbian Exposition (1894) by Theodore Robinson.

  • Excavation at Night (1908) by George Bellows.

References

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  2. ^ "Top Ten Most Expensive Projects Worth $369.5 Million". The Northwest Arkansas Morning News. January 1, 2006. http://nwaonline.net/articles/2006/01/01/business/02developmentreview.txt. 
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