Bowood House

Bowood is a grade I listed [ [http://www.northwilts.gov.uk/print/index/env/planning/localplans/ldf/bowood_estate_area_action_plan/bowood_scoping.htm Bowood Estate scoping document from North Wiltshire Council] at www.northwilts.gov.uk] Georgian country house with a garden designed by Lancelot 'Capability' Brown. It is adjacent to Derry Hill, halfway between Calne and Chippenham. England.

History

The first house at Bowood was built circa 1725 on the site of a hunting lodge, by the former tenant Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 2nd Baronet, who had purchased the property from the Crown. His grandfather Sir Orlando Bridgeman, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, had previously been granted the lease by Charles II. [The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons from the Restoration to the Present Time, 1742] Bridgeman got into financial strife, and in 1739 under a Chancery Decree, the house and park were acquired by his principal creditor Richard Long. [A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 17, D.A. Crowley 2002] In 1754 Long sold it to the first Earl of Shelburne, who employed architect Henry Keene to extend the house. The 2nd Earl, Prime Minister from 1782 to 1783, was created Marquess of Lansdowne for negotiating peace with America after the War of Independence. He furnished Bowood and his London home, Lansdowne House, with superb collections of paintings and classical sculpture, and commissioned Robert Adam to decorate the grander rooms in Bowood and to add a magnificent orangery, as well as a small menagerie for wild animals where a leopard and an orangutan were kept in the 18th century. Adam also built a fine mausoleum for the 1st Earl in the park.

In the 1770's the two parts of the house at Bowood (the 'Big House' and the 'Little House') were joined together by the construction of an enormous drawing room. During World War II, the Big House was first occupied by a school, then by the Royal Air Force. Afterwards it was left empty, and by 1955 it was so dilapidated that the 8th Marquess demolished it, employing architect F. Sortain Samuels to convert the Little House into a more comfortable home.

Gardens

Bowood is one of Capability Brown's finest parks. He extended a pond into a large lake and created a grotto with waterfalls and artificial caves. Laid out over 2,000 acres (8 km²) in the 1760s, it replaced an earlier, more formal garden of avenues and wildernesses. Brown's design encompasses a sinuous lake (almost 1 km long), with lawns sloping gently down from the house, and drifts of mature trees. Brown planted an arboretum of rare trees in the Pleasure Grounds behind the walled garden, and these were added to in the mid-19th century when a pinetum was begun. It was at about this time that the Doric Temple, originally situated by Brown in the Pleasure Grounds, was moved to its present position beside the lake.

It was discovered that the lake was formed at the sacrifice of a village called Manning's Hill, which to this day remains submerged in the lake. In 2007, divers found the remains of two cottages and stone walls under the lake. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/6904129.stm BBC News 18 July 2007] ]

The great Italianate terraces on the south front of the house were commissioned by the 3rd Marquess. The Upper Terrace, by Sir Robert Smirke, was completed in 1818, and the Lower, by George Kennedy, was added in 1851. Originally planted with hundreds of thousands of annuals in intricate designs, the parterres are now more simply planted.

Bowood House is the stately home of the Lansdowne family and has been the residence of:

*Sir William Petty, (1622–1687)
*Thomas FitzMaurice, 1st Earl of Kerry (1668–1741)
*John Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne (1705–1761)
*William Petty Fitzmaurice, 2nd Earl of Shelburn & 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (1737–1803)
*John Henry Petty Fitzmaurice, 2nd Marquess of Lansdowne (1765–1809)
*Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne, (1780–1863)
*Henry Charles Petty Fitzmaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne (1816–1866)
*Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, (1845–1927)
*Henry William Edmund Petty Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne (1872–1936)
*Charles Hope Petty Fitzmaurice, 7th Marquess of Lansdowne (1917–1944)
*George John Charles Petty Fitzmaurice, 8th Marquess of Lansdowne (1912–1999)
*Charles Petty-FitzMaurice, 9th Marquess of Lansdowne (b. 1941)
*Simon Henry George Petty Fitzmaurice, Earl of Shelburne (b. 1970)

The 'big house' was demolished in 1955 for economic reasons. However, the remaining house is still large, and the front wing is open to the public with rooms, paintings and sculpture on display. One of the rooms was the laboratory of Joseph Priestley, who discovered oxygen there on August 1 1774. In the year 2000 Bowood House was designated an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in recognition of the importance of Priestley's discovery. [http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/priestley/landmark_bio.html]

It is said that Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles used to meet in Bowood regularly during their 30 year affair.Fact|date=February 2007

On the grounds is an adventure playground, for children aged 12 and under, a large waterfall, and many gardens.

References

Bibliography

*Turner, Roger, "Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape", 2nd ed. Phillimore, Chichester, 1999.

External links

* [http://www.bowood-house.co.uk Bowood House website]
* [http://www.dicamillocompanion.com/Houses_hgpm.asp?ID=265 Bowood entry from The DiCamillo Companion to British & Irish Country Houses]