Kon-Tiki

"Kon-Tiki" is the raft used by Norwegian explorer and writer Thor Heyerdahl in his 1947 expedition across the Pacific Ocean from South America to the Polynesian islands. It was named after the Inca sun god, Viracocha, for whom "Kon-Tiki" was said to be an old name. "Kon-Tiki" is also the name of the popular book that Heyerdahl wrote about his adventures.

Heyerdahl believed that people from South America could have settled Polynesia in pre-Columbian times. His aim in mounting the "Kon-Tiki" expedition was to show, by using only the materials and technologies available to those people at the time, that there were no technical reasons to prevent them from having done so. (Although the expedition carried some modern equipment, such as a radio, watches, charts, sextant, and metal knives, these were incidental to the purpose of proving that the raft itself could make the journey.)

The "Kon-Tiki" expedition was funded by private loans, along with donations of equipment from the US Army. Heyerdahl and a small team went to Peru, where, with the help of dockyard facilities provided by the Peruvian authorities, they constructed the raft out of balsa logs and other native materials in an indigenous style as recorded in illustrations by Spanish conquistadores. The trip began on April 28, 1947. Heyerdahl and five companions sailed the raft for 101 days over 4,300 miles across the Pacific Ocean before smashing into a reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands on August 7, 1947. The crew made successful landfall and all returned safely.

Thor Heyerdahl's book about his experience became a bestseller. It was originally published in 1950 as "The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas", later reprinted as "Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft".

A documentary motion picture about the expedition, also called "Kon-Tiki", won an Academy Award in 1951. It was directed by Thor Heyerdahl and edited by Olle Nordemar.

The voyage was also chronicled in the documentary TV-series "The Kon-Tiki Man: The Life and Adventures of Thor Heyerdahl", directed by Bengt Jonson [ [http://www.kon-tiki.no/Events/indexold.html "The Kon-Tiki Man" episode breakdown] ] .

The original "Kon-Tiki" boat is now on display in the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo.

Crew

The "Kon-Tiki" was crewed by six men, all Norwegian except for Bengt Danielsson, who was from Sweden.

*Thor Heyerdahl (1914–2002) was expedition leader.
*Erik Hesselberg (1914–1972) was the navigator and artist. He painted the large Kon-Tiki figure on the raft's sail.
*Bengt Danielsson (1921–1997) took on the role of steward, in charge of supplies and daily rations. Danielsson was a sociologist interested in human migration theory. He also served as translator, as he was the only member of the crew who spoke Spanish.
*Knut Haugland (1917–) was a radio expert, decorated by the British in World War II for actions in the Norwegian heavy water sabotage that stalled Germany's plans to develop an atomic bomb.
*Torstein Raaby (1920–1964) was also in charge of radio transmissions. He gained radio experience while hiding behind German lines during WWII, spying on the German battleship "Tirpitz". His secret radio transmissions eventually helped guide in Allied bombers to sink the ship.
*Herman Watzinger (1910–1986) was an engineer whose area of expertise was in technical measurements. He recorded meteorological and hydrographical data while underway.

Construction

The main body of the raft was composed of nine balsa tree trunks up to 13.7 metres (45 ft) long, 60 cm (2 ft) in diameter, lashed together with 3.175 cm (1¼ inch) hemp ropes. Cross-pieces of balsa logs 5.5 m (18 ft) long and 30 cm (1 ft) in diameter were lashed across the logs at 1 m (3 ft) intervals to give lateral support. Pine splashboards clad the bow, and lengths of pine 2.5 cm (1 inch) thick and 60 cm (2 ft) long were wedged between the balsa logs and used as centerboards.

The main mast was made of lengths of mangrove wood lashed together to form an A-frame 8.8 m (29 ft) high. Behind the main-mast was a cabin of plaited bamboo 4.2 m (14 ft) long and 2.4 m (8 ft) wide was built about 1.21-1.51 m (4-5 feet) high, and roofed with banana leaf thatch. At the stern was a 5.8 m (19 ft) long steering oar of mangrove wood, with a blade of fir. The main sail was 4.6 m by 5.5 m (15 by 18 feet) on a yard of bamboo stems lashed together. Photographs also show a top-sail above the main sail, and also a mizzen-sail, mounted at the stern.

The raft was partially decked in split bamboo. No metal was used in the construction.

tores

The "Kon-Tiki" carried 250 litres of water in bamboo tubes. For food they took 200 coconuts, sweet potatoes, bottle gourds and other assorted fruit and roots. The U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps of the US Army provided field rations, tinned food, and survival equipment. In return, the "Kon-Tiki" explorers reported on the quality, and utility of the provisions. They also caught plentiful numbers of fish, particularly flying fish, "dolphin", yellowfin tuna and shark.

Communications

* Call Sign LGD0-3F Receiver: National NC-173
* Transmitter: unknown
* As an emergency backup they also carried a German Mark V transceiver originally re-created by the SOE in 1942.

The Voyage

The "Kon-Tiki" left Callao, Peru, on the afternoon of April 28, 1947. It was initially towed 50 miles out to open water by the Fleet Tug "Guardian Rios" of the Peruvian Navy. The ship then sailed roughly west carried along on the Humboldt Current. The crew's first sight of land was the atoll of Puka-Puka on July 30. They made brief contact with the inhabitants of Angatau Island on August 4, but were unable to land safely.

Three days later, on August 7, the raft struck a reef and was eventually beached on an uninhabited islet off Raroia Island in the Tuamotu group. The team had travelled a distance of around 3,770 nautical miles (c.6980 km) in 101 days, at an average speed of 1.5 knots.

After spending a number of days alone on the tiny islet, the crew were greeted by men from a village on a nearby island who arrived in canoes, having seen washed-up flotsam from the raft. The crew were taken back to the native village, where they were feted with traditional dances and other festivities. Finally the crew were taken off Raroia to Tahiti by the French schooner "Tamara", with the salvaged "Kon-Tiki" in tow.

Anthropology

While this was an interesting experiment that demonstrated the seaworthiness of Heyerdahl's raft, his theory of the Polynesians' origins has never gained acceptance by anthropologists. [Robert C. Suggs "The Island Civilizations of Polynesia", New York: New American Library, p.212-224.] Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America. In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from southeast Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia.

It should be noted, however, that Heyerdahl claimed the race that settled Polynesia from South America was a white race that was distinct from the South Americans, and had in fact been driven from those shores. Therefore, it would be expected that the DNA of the Polynesians would be dissimilar to that of South Americans.

Thor Heyerdahl never set out to prove that the "current" Polynesians were descended from South America. According to Heyerdahl, some Polynesian legends say that Polynesia was originally inhabited by two peoples, the so-called long-eared and the short-eared. In a bloody war, all the long-eared peoples were eliminated and the short-eared people assumed sole control of Polynesia. Heyerdahl asserted that these extinct people were the ones who could have settled Polynesia from the Americas, not the current, short-eared inhabitants. One of the problems with this argument is that traditions involving long-ears and short-ears are found only at Easter Island, and are unknown in the rest of Polynesia.

Heyerdahl further argues in his book "American Indians in the Pacific" that the current inhabitants of Polynesia migrated from an Asian source, but via an alternate route. He proposes that Polynesians traveled with the wind along the North Pacific current. These migrants then arrived in British Columbia. Heyerdahl called contemporary tribes of British Columbia, such as the Tlingit and Haida, descendants of these migrants. Heyerdahl claimed that cultural and physical similarities existed between these British Columbian tribes, Polynesians, and the Old World source. Heyerdahl's claims aside, however, there is no evidence that the Tlingit, Haida or other British Columbian tribes have any particular affinity with Polynesians. Their morphologically complex languages are about as far from Austronesian and Polynesian languages as it is possible to be, and their cultures evince links to the rest of the peoples of North America.

Anthropologist Robert C. Suggs included a chapter on "The Kon-Tiki Myth" in his book on Polynesia. He concludes::"The "Kon-Tiki" theory is about as plausible as the tales of Atlantis, Mu, and "Children of the Sun." Like most such theories it makes exciting light reading, but as an example of scientific method it fares quite poorly. [Robert C. Suggs, "The Island Civilizations of Polynesia", New York: New American Library, p.224.]

The Kon-Tiki expedition attracted many comments similar to the above. Donald P. Ryan presents a retrospective overview about Heyerdahl's theories and their reception. [cite conference
first =Donald P.
last = Ryan
year = 1998
title = American Indians in the Pacific: A 50 year retrospective of the Kon-Tiki Expedition
conference = 4th International Conference on Easter Island and East Polynesia
booktitle = Easter Island in Pacific Context: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Easter Island and East Polynesia
editor = C. Stevenson, G. Lee and F. Morin (eds.)
others =
publisher = Easter Island Foundation
location = Los Osos
pages = 379-385.
url = http://www.plu.edu/~ryandp/AIP.html
format = HTML
accessdate = 2007-09-07
doi =
id = ]

New data on chicken migration

In 2007, evidence was released by the University of Auckland showing that a specific mutation in chickens native to Samoa and Tonga was seen in chicken bones found in Chile and dated to about AD 1400. This provides very strong evidence that there was trade between Polynesia and South America, though the researchers suspect that the trade originated from Polynesia, not South America. [Cite journal
author = Alice A. Storey, Jose Miguel Ramirez, Daniel Quiroz, David V. Burley, David J. Addison, Richard Walter, Atholl J. Anderson, Terry L. Hunt, J. Stephen Athens, Leon Huynen & Elizabeth A. Matisoo-Smith
title = Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile
journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
volume = 104
issue = 25
pages = 10335–10339
year = 2007
month = June
doi = 10.1073/pnas.0703993104
pmid = 17556540

News article:
* Cite journal
author = Maggie Fox
url = http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=31&art_id=nw20070605092126395C425148
title = Why did the chicken cross the sea?
publisher = Independent Online
date = 2007-06-05]

Tangaroa Expedition

On April 28, 2006, a Norwegian team attempted to duplicate the "Kon-Tiki" voyage using a newly-built raft, the Tangaroa, named after the Māori sea-god Tangaroa. Again based on records of ancient vessels, this raft used relatively sophisticated square sails that allowed sailing into the wind, or tacking.cite news
first=Rick
last=Vecchio
url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/world/14456054.htm
title=Norwegian team embarks on 'Kon-Tiki' trip
publisher=Associated Press via San Jose Mercury News
date=2006-04-29
accessdate=2006-05-02] It was 16m long by 8m wide. It also included a set of modern navigation and communication equipment, including solar panels, portable computers, and desalination equipment. The crew posted to their web site. [ [http://www.tangaroa.no www.tangaroa.no] ] The crew of six was led by Torgeir Higraff, and included Olav Heyerdahl, grandson of Thor Heyerdahl. The voyage was completed successfully in July 2006 and a documentary film is forthcoming.

Popular culture

The expedition has been parodied or referenced in a number of entertainment programs, including:
*An episode of Tiny Toon Adventures called "Kon-Ducki".
*The Goon Show, "series 7, episode 2", BBC Home Service, "11th Nov. 1956", in which one character convinces another that he originally came from Peru on a raft.
*The "" episode, "Explorers," in which characters go on a solar sailing voyage on a spacecraft based on ancient design to see if an old tale of a pre-warp drive spacecraft was possible.
*It is the book Holly reads to Kit in their treehouse in Terrence Malick's "Badlands".
*Ut inspired the 1961 track Kon-Tiki by The Shadows, and the 2007 album track 'The Kon-Tiki Expedition' by the Portico Quartet.

ee also

*Polynesian navigation
*Tupac Inca Yupanqui
*Kantuta Expeditions a repeated expeditions of Kon-Tiki by Eduard Ingriš
* William Willis in 1954 sailed on a raft from Peru to American Samoa alone

Notes

References

* Heyerdahl, Thor (1950). "Kon-Tiki". Rand McNally & Company.
* Hesselberg, Erik (1950). "Kon-Tiki and I : illustrations with text, begun on the Pacific on board the raft "Kon-Tiki" and completed at "Solbakken" in Borre." Allen & Unwin

External links

* [http://www.kon-tiki.no/ Kon-Tiki Museum]
* [http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~postr/bapix/NC173.htm National NC-173 receiver]
* [http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai144_folder/144_graphics/kon_tiki_tangaroa_chart.jpgQuick Facts: Comparing the Two Rafts: Kon-Tiki and Tangaroa] Azerbaijan International, Vol 14:4 (Winter 2006)
* [http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai144_folder/144_articles/144_tangaroa.html Testing Heyerdahl's Theories about Kon-Tiki 60 Years Later: Tangaroa Pacific Voyage (Summer 2006)] Azerbaijan International, Vol 14:4 (Winter 2006)
* [http://www.personal.psu.edu/pjc12/Kon-Tiki%20in%20Reverse--The%20Tahiti-Nui%20Expedition.htm Kon-Tiki in Reverse: The Tahiti-Nui Expedition]
* [http://webtv.tv2.no/webtv/sumo/?treeId=444033&progId=185694 TV2Sumo WebTV programme "Ekspedisjonen Tangaroa" (Tangaroa Expedition) - Norsk]