Robert Todd Lincoln

Infobox US Cabinet official
name=Robert Todd Lincoln


order=35th
title=United States Secretary of War
term_start=March 5, 1881
term_end=March 4, 1885
president=James Garfield (March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)
predecessor=Alexander Ramsey
successor=William C. Endicott
ambassador_from2=United States
country2= the United Kingdom
term_start2= 1889
term_end2= 1893
predecessor2= Edward J. Phelps
successor2=Thomas F. Bayard
president2= Benjamin Harrison
birth_date=birth date|1843|8|1|mf=y
birth_place=Springfield, Illinois, U.S.
death_date=death date and age|1926|7|26|1843|8|1
death_place=Manchester, Vermont, U.S.
party=Republican
spouse=Mary Eunice Harlan
profession=Lawyer, Politician

Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer and politician, and the first son of President Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. Born in Springfield, Illinois, United States, he was the only one of Lincoln's four sons to live past his teenage years.

Biography

Early life

Lincoln graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1860, then studied at Harvard University from 1861 to 1864, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon. (Later in life, Lincoln also joined the Delta Chi fraternity.) He then enrolled in Harvard Law School. However, he did not graduate, and in 1865 joined the Union Army. He held the rank of captain, serving in the last weeks of the American Civil War as part of General Ulysses S. Grant's immediate staff, a position which sharply minimized the likelihood that he would be involved in actual combat. He was present at Appomattox when Lee surrendered.

Lincoln had a distant relationship with his father, in part because Abraham Lincoln spent months on the judicial circuit during his formative years. Robert would later say his most vivid image of his father was of him packing his saddlebags to prepare for his travels through Illinois. [Donald, David Herbert, Lincoln. New York; Touchstone, 1995, p. 159] Abraham Lincoln was proud of Robert and thought him bright, but also saw him as something of a competitor and once said "he guessed Bob would not do better than he had." [quoted in Donald, p. 428] The two lacked the strong bond Lincoln had with his sons Willie and Tad, but Robert admired his father and wept openly at his deathbed. [Donald, 599]

Following his father's assassination, in April 1865, Robert Lincoln moved with his mother and his brother Tad to Chicago, where Robert completed his law studies at the University of Chicago (a school different from the university presently known by that name). He was admitted to the bar on February 25, 1867.

On September 24 1868, Robert Lincoln married the former Mary Eunice Harlan (September 25 1846 - March 31 1937), the daughter of Senator James Harlan and Ann Eliza Peck of Mount Pleasant, Iowa. They had two daughters and one son:

*Mary "Mamie" Lincoln (October 15 1869 - November 21 1938)
*Abraham Lincoln II (nicknamed "Jack") (August 14 1873 - March 5 1890)
*Jessie Harlan Lincoln (November 6 1875 - January 4 1948)

The last descendant of Abraham Lincoln, Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, died in 1985.

His mother's "spend-thrift" ways and eccentric behavior concerned Robert Lincoln. To gain control of his mother's finances, he had her committed to a psychiatric hospital in Batavia, Illinois in 1875. She was released after a three-month stay. The committal proceedings led to a profound estrangement between Lincoln and his mother and they never reconciled.

Politics

ecretary of War (1881–1885)

In 1877 he turned down President Rutherford B. Hayes' offer to appoint him Assistant Secretary of State, but later accepted an appointment as President James Garfield's Secretary of War serving from 1881 to 1885 under Presidents Garfield and Chester A. Arthur.

Following his service as Secretary of War, Lincoln helped Oscar Dudley in establishing the Illinois Industrial Training School for Boys in Norwood Park in 1887 after Dudley discovered "more neglected and abandoned children on the streets than stray animals." The school relocated to Glenwood, Illinois in 1899, beginning to enroll girls in 1998. Under the name [http://www.glenwoodschool.org/ Glenwood School for Boys & Girls] , the school continues to operate as a haven for boys and girls whose parents are unable to care for them.

Minister to the Court of St. James's

Later, he served as the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1889 to 1893 under President Benjamin Harrison, then returned to private business as a lawyer.

Counsel, President and Chairman of the Pullman Palace Car Company

He was general counsel under George Pullman and was named as president after Pullman's death in 1898. In 1911, Robert Lincoln became chairman of the board until his death in 1926.

A serious amateur astronomer, Lincoln constructed an observatory at his home in Manchester, Vermont, and equipped it with a refracting telescope with a six-inch objective lens. Lincoln's telescope still exists; it has been restored and is used by a local astronomy club.

Robert Lincoln made his last public appearance at the dedication ceremony in Washington, D.C. for his father's memorial on May 30, 1922.

Presence at assassinations

There is coincidence in regard to Lincoln and presidential assassinations. He was either present or was nearby when three of them occurred. [ [http://www.lincolnbicentennial.gov/lincolns-life/lincolns-family/robert-todd-lincoln/default.aspx Lincoln Bicentennial - Biography of Robert Todd Lincoln] ]

*Lincoln was invited to accompany his parents to the Ford's Theatre the night his father was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. Citing fatigue from riding in a covered wagon for an extended period of time, he declined and remained behind at the White House, where he immediately went to bed. He was informed of the President's being shot just before midnight.

*At President James A. Garfield's invitation, Lincoln was at the Sixth Street Train Station in Washington, D.C., where the President was shot by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2, 1881 and was an eyewitness to the event. Lincoln was serving as Garfield's Secretary of War at the time.

*At President William McKinley's invitation, Lincoln was at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, where the President was shot by Leon F. Czolgosz on September 6, 1901, though he was not an eyewitness to the event.

Robert Lincoln and Edwin Booth

In an odd coincidence, Robert Lincoln was once saved by Edwin T. Booth, brother of John Wilkes Booth, from possible serious injury or death. The incident took place on a train platform in Jersey City, New Jersey. The exact date of the incident is uncertain, but it is believed to have taken place in late 1864 or early 1865, shortly before John Wilkes Booth's assassination of President Lincoln.

Robert Lincoln recalled the incident in a 1909 letter to Richard Watson Gilder, editor of "The Century Magazine".

"The incident occurred while a group of passengers were late at night purchasing their sleeping car places from the conductor who stood on the station platform at the entrance of the car. The platform was about the height of the car floor, and there was of course a narrow space between the platform and the car body. There was some crowding, and I happened to be pressed by it against the car body while waiting my turn. In this situation the train began to move, and by the motion I was twisted off my feet, and had dropped somewhat, with feet downward, into the open space, and was personally helpless, when my coat collar was vigorously seized and I was quickly pulled up and out to a secure footing on the platform. Upon turning to thank my rescuer I saw it was Edwin Booth, whose face was of course well known to me, and I expressed my gratitude to him, and in doing so, called him by name."

Months later, while serving as an officer on the staff of General Ulysses S. Grant, Robert Lincoln recalled the incident to his fellow officer, Colonel Adam Bardeau, who happened to be a friend of Edwin Booth. Bardeau sent a letter to Booth, complimenting the actor for his heroism. Before receiving the letter, Booth had been unaware that the man whose life he had saved on the train platform had been the President's son. The incident was said to have been of some comfort to Edwin Booth following his brother's assassination of the President. [Robert Todd Lincoln: A Man In His Own Right by John S. Goff, p. 70-71.] [ [http://www.historynet.com/edwin-booth-saved-robert-todd-lincolns-life.htm History Net: Edwin Booth Saved Robert Todd Lincoln’s Life] ]

Republican politics

From 1884 to 1912, Lincoln's name was mentioned in varying degrees of seriousness as a candidate for the Republican presidential or vice-presidential nomination. At every turn, he adamantly disavowed any interest in running and stated he would not accept either position if nominated. [ [http://www.historynet.com/robert-todd-lincoln-the-perpetual-non-candidate.htm Robert Todd Lincoln: The Perpetual Non-Candidate » HistoryNet - From the World's Largest History Magazine Publisher ] ]

Death

.

He was later interred in Arlington National Cemetery [ [http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/sites/robert.htm Robert Todd Lincoln Tomb in Arlington Cemetery ] ] in a sarcophagus designed by the sculptor James Earle Fraser. He is buried with his wife Mary and their son Jack, who died of blood poisoning at the age of 16 in London, England.

Lincoln was the last surviving member of both the Garfield and Arthur Cabinets.

Of Robert's children, Jessie Harlan Lincoln Beckwith (1875 - 1948) had two children, Mary Lincoln Beckwith ["Peggy" 1898 - 1975] and Robert ("Bud") Todd Lincoln Beckwith (1904 - 1985), neither of whom had children of their own. Robert's other daughter, Mary Todd Lincoln ("Mamie") (1869 - 1938) married Charles Bradley Isham in 1891. They had one son, Lincoln Isham (1892 - 1971). Lincoln Isham married Leahalma Correa in 1919, but died without children.

The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith, died in 1985. [Mark E. Neely, Jr., "The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia", McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1982 (ISBN 0-07-046145-7).]

References

External links

* [http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln66.html Robert Todd Lincoln]
* [http://www.physical-lincoln.com/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln_photographs Photographs of Robert Todd Lincoln]
* [http://members.aol.com/RVSNorton1/Lincoln59.html Robert Todd Lincoln Rescued from Death by Brother of John Wilkes Booth]
* [http://www.mlwh.org/inside.asp?ID=16&subjectID=2 Robert Todd Lincoln Biography]
* [http://www.hildene.org/ Hildene]
* [http://www.glenwoodschool.org/history.htm Glenwood School for Boys & Girls]
* [http://www.t207.com/images/n124/lincoln.jpgImage of Robert Lincoln from "1888 Presidential Possibilities" card set] t207.com
* [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/sw-sa/Lincoln.htm Army biography]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=628 Robert Todd Lincoln's grave]