Interphalangeal articulations of hand

Interphalangeal joints
Human hand bones
Metacarpophalangeal articulation and articulations of digit. Volar aspect.
Latin	articulationes interphalangeae manus, articulationes digitorum manus
Gray's	subject #91 333

The interphalangeal articulations of the hand are the hinge joints between the phalanges of the hand (i.e. the finger bones).

There are two sets (except in the thumb):

• "proximal interphalangeal joints" (PIJ or PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges
• "distal interphalangeal joints" (DIJ or DIP), those between the second and third (distal) phalanges

Anatomically, the proximal and distal interphalangeal articulations are very similar. There are some minor differences in how the volar plates are attached proximally and in the segmentation of the flexor tendon sheath, but the major differences are the smaller dimension and reduced mobility of the distal joint.^[1]

Joint structure

The PIP joint exhibits great lateral stability. Its transverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior diameter and its thick collateral ligaments are tight in all positions during flexion, contrary to those in the metacarpophalangeal joint.^[1]

Dorsal structures

The capsule, extensor tendon, and skin are very thin and lax dorsally, allowing for both phalanx bones to flex more than 100° until the base of the middle phalanx makes contact with the condylar notch of the proximal phalanx.^[1]

At the level of the PIP joint the extensor mechanism splits into three bands. The central slip attaches to the dorsal tubercle of the middle phalanx near the PIP joint. The pair of lateral bands, to which contribute the extensor tendons, continue past the PIP joint dorsally to the joint axis. These three bands are united by a transverse retinacular ligament, which runs from the palmar border of the lateral band to the flexor sheath at the level of the joint and which prevents dorsal displacement of that lateral band. On the palmar side of the joint axis of motion, lies the oblique retinacular ligament [of Landsmeer] which stretches from the flexor sheath over the proximal phalanx to the terminal extensor tendon. In extension, the oblique ligament prevents passive DIP flexion and PIP hyperextension as it tightens and pulls the terminal extensor tendon proximally.^[2]

Volar structures

In contrast, on the palmar side, a thick ligament prevents hyperextension. The distal part of the volar ligament, called the volar plate, is 2 to 3 millimetres (0.079 to 0.12 in) thick and has a fibrocartilaginous structure. The presence of chrondroitin and keratan sulfate in the dorsal and volar plates is important in resisting compression forces against the condyles of the proximal phalanx. Together these structures protect the tendons passing in front and behind the joint. These tendons can sustain traction forces thanks to their collagen fibers.^[1]

Volar ligament

The volar ligament (also called the palmar ligament) is thinner and more flexible in its central-proximal part. On both sides it is reinforced by the so called check rein ligaments. The accessory collateral ligaments (ACL) originate at the proximal phalanx and are inserted distally at the base of the middle phalanx below the collateral ligaments.^[1]

The accessory ligament and the proximal margin of the volar plate are flexible and fold back upon themselves during flexion. The flexor tendon sheaths are firmly attached to the proximal and middle phalanges by annular pulleys A2 and A4, while the A3 pulley and the proximal fibres of the C1 ligament attach the sheaths to the mobile volar ligament at the PIP joint. During flexion this arrangement produces a space at the neck of the proximal phalanx which is filled by the folding volar plate.^[2]

The palmar plate forms a semi-rigid floor and the collateral ligaments the walls in a mobile box which moves together with the distal part of the joint and provides stability to the joint during its entire range of motion. Because the volar plate adheres to the flexor digitorum superficialis near the distal attachment of the muscle, it also increases the moment of flexor action. In the PIP joint, extension is more limited because of the two so called check-rein ligaments, which attach the volar plate to the proximal phalanx.^[2]

Movements

The only movements permitted in the interphalangeal joints are flexion and extension.

• Flexion is more extensive, about 100°, in the PIP joints and slightly more restricted, about 80°, in the DIP joints.
• Extension is limited by the volar and collateral ligaments.

The muscles generating these movements are:

Location	Flexion	Extension
fingers	the flexor digitorum profundus acting on the proximal and distal joints, and the flexor digitorum superficialis acting on the proximal joints	mainly by the lumbricals and interossei, the long extensors having little or no action upon these joints
thumb	the flexor pollicis longus	the extensor pollicis longus

The relative length of the digit varies during motion of the IP joints. The length of the palmar aspect decreases during flexion while the dorsal aspect increases by about 24 mm. The useful range of motion of the PIP joint is 30-70°, increasing from the index finger to the little finger. During maximum flexion the base of the middle phalanx is firmly pressed into the retrocondylar recess of the proximal phalanx, which provides maximum stability to the joint. The stability of the PIP joint is dependent of the tendons passing around it.^[2]

See also

• Finger
• Interphalangeal articulations of foot
• Metacarpophalangeal joint

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Lluch 1997, pp. 259–60
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Brüser & Gilbert 1999, pp. 158–60

References

• Brüser, Peter; Gilbert, Alain (1999). Finger bone and joint injuries. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 185317690. http://books.google.com/books?id=-pzGRMvXFzAC&pg=PA159. 
• Lluch, Alberto (1997). "Interphalangeal joint anatomy". In Copeland, Stephen. Joint stiffness of the upper limb. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1853174149. http://books.google.com/books?id=afGVn2xWxYoC&pg=PA259. 

This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained within it may be outdated.

External links

• Hand kinesiology at UK bone/phaljt.html
• proximal+interphalangeal+joints at eMedicine Dictionary
• distal+interphalangeal+joints at eMedicine Dictionary
• Diagram at depuy.com