- Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)
Infobox haplogroup
name = P
origin-date = 34,000 years BP [Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Monica B. Meilerman, Peter A. Underhill, Stephen L. Zegura, and Michael F. Hammer (2008). New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree]
origin-place =Central Asia /Siberia
ancestor = K
descendants = Q, R
mutations = 92R7, M45, M74/N12, P27, S25Inhuman genetics , Haplogroup P (M45) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of most Europeans and almost all of the
indigenous peoples of the Americas . It also contains approximately one third to two thirds of the males among various populations ofCentral Asia andSouthern Asia .Origins
Haplogroup P is a branch of Haplogroup K (M9). It is believed to have arisen north of the
Hindu Kush , inSiberia ,Kazakhstan , orUzbekistan , approximately 35,000 to 40,000 years ago.The descendant haplogroups of P include Q (M242) and R (M207).
Distribution
Besides the typically European/South Asian Haplogroup R and South-Central Siberian/Native American Haplogroup Q, other patrilines derived from Haplogroup P-M45 are labeled for sake of convenience as Haplogroup P* and are reported to have been found at low to moderate frequency among modern populations of
Central Asia ,Siberia ,East Asia , and theRussian Far East . There is a conspicuous presence of Haplogroup P* on the Isle of Hvar in theAdriatic Sea off theDalmatia n coast ofCroatia , which may be due to historical immigration ofAvars from Central Asia. There have also been reports of Haplogroup P* from samples ofAshkenazi Jews , Native Americans, and some populations ofSouth Asia andOceania , but it is not entirely clear whether these were truly Haplogroup P* or rather instances of a rare haplogroup derived from Haplogroup P, such as Haplogroup R2 or Haplogroup Q.Subgroups
The
subclade s of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation, according to the 2008 ISOGG tree:*P (92R7, M45, M74, N12, P27)
**P*
**Q (M242)
***Q*
***Q1 (P36.2)
****Q1*
****Q1a (MEH2)
*****Q1a*
*****Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14) "Found at low frequency among Chinese,Koreans , Dungans, and Hazara" [ [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7006/extref/nature02878-s2.doc Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations] , from the online supplementary material for [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7006/abs/nature02878.html the article] by Bo Wen et al., "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture," "Nature" 431, 302-305 (16 September 2004)] [ [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=56946&rendertype=table&id=T1 Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region] , from [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=56946 the article] by R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 28, 2001)]
*****Q1a2 (M25, M143) "Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations ofSouthwest Asia ,Central Asia , andSiberia "
*****Q1a3 (M346)
******Q1a3* "Found at low frequency inPakistan andIndia "
******Q1a3a (M3) "Typical ofindigenous peoples of the Americas "
*******Q1a3a*
*******Q1a3a1 (M19) "Found among some indigenous peoples ofSouth America , such as theTicuna and theWayuu " [ [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Bortolini-AJHG-03-YAmer.pdf "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas,"] Maria-Catira Bortolini et al., "American Journal of Human Genetics" 73:524-539, 2003]
*******Q1a3a2 (M194)
*******Q1a3a3 (M199, P106, P292)
*****Q1a4 (P48)
*****Q1a5 (P89)
*****Q1a6 (M323) "Found in a significant minority of Yemeni Jews"
****Q1b (M378) "Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis"
**R (M207 (UTY2), M306 (S1), S4, S8, S9)
***R*
***R1 (M173)
****R1*
****R1a (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532))
*****R1a*
*****R1a1 (M17, M198) "Typical ofEastern Europe ans,Central Asia ns, andSouth Asia ns"
******R1a1*
******R1a1a (M56)
******R1a1b (M157)
******R1a1c (M64.2, M87, M204)
****R1b (M343) "Typical ofWestern Europe ans"
*****R1b*
*****R1b1 (P25)
******R1b1*
******R1b1a (M18)
******R1b1b (M73)
******R1b1c (M269, S3, S10, S13, S17)
*******R1b1c*
*******R1b1c1 (M37)
*******R1b1c2 (M65)
*******R1b1c3 (M126)
*******R1b1c4 (M153)
*******R1b1c5 (M160)
*******R1b1c6 (SRY2627 (M167))
*******R1b1c7 (M222)
*******R1b1c8 (P66)
*******R1b1c9 (S21)
********R1b1c9*
********R1b1c9a (L1 (S26))
********R1b1c9b (S29)
*******R1b1c10 (S28)
******R1b1d (M335)
***R2 (M124) "Typical ofSouth Asia ns, with a moderate distribution among populations ofCentral Asia and theCaucasus "References
External links
* [https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my044 Spread of Haplogroup P] , from
The Genographic Project , "National Geographic "
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