Duff Cooper

The Right Honourable The Viscount Norwich GCMG DSO PC
Secretary of State for War
In office 22 November 1935 – 28 May 1937
Monarch	George V Edward VIII George VI
Prime Minister	Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	The Viscount Halifax
Succeeded by	Leslie Hore-Belisha
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
In office 20 July 1941 – 11 November 1943
Prime Minister	Winston Churchill
Preceded by	The Lord Hankey
Succeeded by	Ernest Brown
Ambassador to France
In office 1944–1948
Monarch	George VI
Preceded by	Vacant due to German occupation
Succeeded by	Oliver Harvey
Personal details
Born	22 February 1890 (1890-02-22)
Died	1 January 1954 (1954-02)
Nationality	British
Political party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Lady Diana Manners (1892–1986)
Alma mater	New College, Oxford

Alfred Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich GCMG, DSO, PC (22 February 1890 – 1 January 1954), known as Duff Cooper, was a British Conservative Party politician, diplomat and author. He wrote six books, including an autobiography, Old Men Forget, and a biography of Talleyrand. He wrote one novel, Operation Heartbreak (1950), which has been republished by Persephone Books.

Background and education

The only son of fashionable society doctor Sir Alfred Cooper and Lady Agnes Duff (sister of Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife), he was the youngest of four children and enjoyed a typical gentleman's upbringing of country estates, London society, Eton College and New College, Oxford. He had royal blood, being a descendant of King William IV and his mistress Dorothy Jordan.

Early life and marriage

At Oxford, his Eton friendship with John Manners won him entry into a famous and fashionable circle of young aristocrats and intellectuals known as The Coterie, including Patrick Shaw-Stewart, Raymond Asquith (son of the Prime Minister), Sir Denis Anson, Edward Horner and most famously Lady Diana Manners. He cultivated a reputation for eloquence and fast living and although he had established a reputation as a poet, he earned an even better reputation for gambling, womanising, and drinking in his studied emulation of the life of Charles James Fox.

Following Oxford, he entered the Foreign Service and, owing to the national importance of his work at the cipher desk, he was excluded from military service until 1917, when he joined the Grenadier Guards. He served with distinction as a lieutenant in the campaigns of 1918, winning a DSO for conspicuous gallantry. Almost all of his closest friends, including Shaw-Stewart, Horner, Asquith and John Manners were killed in the war, drawing him closer to Lady Diana Manners, whom he married in 1919. An extremely popular social figure hailed for her beauty and eccentricities^{[citation needed]}, she was one of several daughters born to the Duke and Duchess of Rutland; her biological father, however, was believed to be Harry Cust, known as one of the most handsome men of his day.^[1]

The Coopers' marriage was fraught with infidelities^{[citation needed]}, notably Duff's affairs with the Franco-American Singer sewing-machine heiress Daisy Fellowes, the socialite Gloria Guinness, the French novelist Louise Leveque de Vilmorin, the writer Susan Mary Alsop (then an American diplomat's wife, by whom he had an illegitimate son, William Patten Jr.),^[2][3] Boy Capel's wife Diana, and the Anglo-Irish socialite and fashion model Maxime de La Falaise, although Lady Diana reportedly did not mind, explaining to their son that 'They were the flowers, but I was the tree'.^[4]

Political career

Returning to the Foreign Service, he became principal private secretary to two ministers and played a significant role in the Egyptian and Turkish crises of the early 1920s before winning a seat in Parliament as a Conservative for Oldham in 1924. He gave one of the most acclaimed maiden speeches of the century and became known as a stalwart supporter of Stanley Baldwin, the Prime Minister, and a friend of Chancellor of the Exchequer, Winston Churchill. He became Financial Secretary to the War Office in January 1928 before losing his seat in the 1929 election when the Conservative Party lost power.

Turning to literature, he produced Talleyrand (1932),^[5] a short biography that was published by his nephew Rupert Hart-Davis to critical praise and lasting success. The 1931 by-election for the constituency of Westminster St George's saw the Empire Free Trade Crusade party threatening the Conservative position at a time when satisfaction with Baldwin's leadership was at a low. When the original Conservative candidate stepped down, Duff Cooper agreed to contest the election in what was regarded as a referendum on Baldwin's leadership. He won the seat with a majority of 5,710.^[6] thus returning to Parliament and serving until 1945.

Returning to ministerial office as Financial Secretary to the War Office in 1931, then as Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1934, he was elevated to the Cabinet as War Secretary in 1935 and promoted to First Lord of the Admiralty in 1937. He completed a biography of Douglas Haig during this period. The most public critic of Neville Chamberlain's appeasement policy inside the Cabinet, he famously resigned in 1938 over the Munich Agreement with Adolf Hitler in an act that MP Vyvyan Adams (who also opposed appeasement) described as "the first step in the road back to national sanity". He later took a prominent role in the famous Norway Debate of 1940 which led to Chamberlain's downfall.

He subsequently entered the Cabinet as Minister of Information under Winston Churchill but after a controversial appointment as Resident Cabinet Minister in Singapore in 1941, he did not play a major role in the direction of the war until appointed the British Government's liaison to the Free French in 1943. He subsequently became the British ambassador to France in 1944 and was a great success in Paris. He left office in 1947, was knighted, and devoted himself primarily to literature until his death in 1954 at the age of 63. He produced during this period the classic autobiography Old Men Forget and was eventually created Viscount Norwich, of Aldwick in the County of Sussex, in 1952^[7] in recognition of his political and literary career. His wife refused to be called Lady Norwich, claiming that it sounded too much like "porridge" and promptly took out a newspaper advertisement declaring that she would retain her previous style of Lady Diana Cooper.

Family

Duff Cooper's only legitimate child, John Julius Norwich (born in 1929), became well known as a writer and television host and has published a collection of his father's diaries The Duff Cooper Diaries: 1915–1951.^[8] His granddaughter Artemis Cooper has published several books, including A Durable Fire: The Letters of Duff and Diana Cooper, 1913–50. Another granddaughter is screenwriter Allegra Huston, the only child of Norwich and Enrica Soma Huston, estranged wife of the American film director John Huston. Duff Cooper's niece Enid Levita (daughter of his sister Stephanie) is the paternal grandmother of the Conservative Party leader David Cameron, who became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 2010. Duff Cooper was the subject of a biography by John Charmley^[9] and a British literary award, the Duff Cooper Prize was established in his name.

Fictional role

H. G. Wells in The Shape of Things to Come, published in 1934, predicted a Second World War in which Britain would not participate but would vainly try to effect a peaceful compromise. In this vision, Duff Cooper was mentioned as one of several prominent Britons delivering "brilliant pacific speeches" which "echo throughout Europe" but fail to end the war (the other would-be peacemakers, in Wells' vision, included Hore Belisha, Ellen Wilkinson and Randolph Churchill).^[10]

Notes

1. ^ Diana herself had revealed that although she was brought up as a daughter of the 8th Duke of Rutland, she was actually fathered by Harry Cust, a Lincolnshire landowner and Member of Parliament (MP). (Khan, Urmee, "Allegra Huston Speaks of the Shock at Discovering She was the Love Child of a Lord", The Daily Telegraph, 6 April 2009.)
2. ^ Vanity Fair, February 2006
3. ^ Sheppard, Ben; Alderson, Andrew (8 January 2006). "Revealed: Duff Cooper's secret second son". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/08/nduff08.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/01/08/ixhome.html. Retrieved 1 May 2010. 
4. ^ "John Julius Norwich:'Deep down, I'm shallow. I really am'". The Daily Telegraph (London). 4 June 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?xml=/portal/2008/06/04/ftjohn104.xml. Retrieved 1 May 2010. 
5. ^ Cooper, 2001 (1932).
6. ^ Peele, Gillian "St George's and the Empire Crusade" in Cook, Chris and Ramsden, John (Eds) By-elections in British politics (UCL Press, 1997)
7. ^ London Gazette: no. 39592. p. 3699. 8 July 1952. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
8. ^ Norwich, 2005.
9. ^ Charmley, 1997 (1986).
10. ^ http://www.telelib.com/words/authors/W/WellsHerbertGeorge/prose/thingstocome/thingstocome22.html

References

• Charmley, John. Duff Cooper. Revised paperback ed. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997 (1986). ISBN 978-0-7538-0246-5.
• Cooper, Duff. Talleyrand. Grove Great Lives. New York: Grove Atlantic, 2001 (1932). ISBN 978-0-8021-3767-8.
• Norwich, John Julius. The Duff Cooper Diaries 1915–1951. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005. ISBN 978-0-297-84843-1
• Ziegler, Philip (January 2008). "Cooper, (Alfred) Duff, first Viscount Norwich (1890–1954)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32547. Retrieved 11 December 2008.  Subscription or UK public library membership required

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Duff Cooper
• Archival material relating to Duff Cooper listed at the UK National Register of Archives

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by William John Tout Edward Grigg	Member of Parliament for Oldham 1924–1929 With: William Martin Wiggins	Succeeded by James Wilson Gordon Lang
Preceded by Sir Laming Worthington-Evans, Bt	Member of Parliament for Westminster St George's 1931–1945	Succeeded by Arthur Jared Palmer Howard
Political offices
Preceded by Douglas King	Financial Secretary to the War Office 1928–1929	Succeeded by Manny Shinwell
Preceded by William Sanders	Financial Secretary to the War Office 1931–1934	Succeeded by Douglas Hacking
Preceded by Leslie Hore-Belisha	Financial Secretary to the Treasury 1934–1935	Succeeded by William Morrison
Preceded by The Viscount Halifax	Secretary of State for War 1935–1937	Succeeded by Leslie Hore-Belisha
Preceded by Sir Samuel Hoare	First Lord of the Admiralty 1937–1938	Succeeded by The Earl Stanhope
Preceded by Sir John Reith	Minister of Information 1940–1941	Succeeded by Brendan Bracken
Preceded by The Lord Hankey	Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1941–1943	Succeeded by Ernest Brown
Diplomatic posts
Vacant German occupation of France during World War II. Title last held by Ronald Campbell	British Ambassador to France 1944–1948	Succeeded by Oliver Harvey
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Viscount Norwich 1952–1954	Succeeded by John Julius Cooper

Persondata
Name	Cooper, Duff
Alternative names
Short description	Politician, diplomat, author
Date of birth	22 February 1890
Place of birth
Date of death	1 January 1954
Place of death