Garry Oak

Taxobox
name = Garry Oak


image_width = 240px
image_caption = Mature Garry Oak
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Fagales
familia = Fagaceae
genus = "Quercus"
sectio = "Quercus"
species = "Q. garryana"
binomial = "Quercus garryana"
binomial_authority = Douglas ex Hook.

The Garry Oak ("Quercus garryana"), also known as Oregon White Oak or Oregon Oak, has a range from southern California to extreme southwestern British Columbia, particularly southeastern Vancouver Island and the adjacent Gulf Islands. It grows from sea level to 210 m altitude in the northern part of its range, and at 300-1800 m in the south of the range in California. The tree is named after Nicholas Garry, deputy governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1822-35.

For more information about Garry oak trees and the rare wild flowers and insects that rely on them, starting a native plant garden, and removing invasive species, please visit the Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team [http://www.goert.ca (GOERT) website] .

There are three varieties:
*"Quercus garryana" var. "garryana" – tree to 20 (30) m. British Columbia south along the Cascades to the California Coast Ranges.
*"Quercus garryana" var. "breweri" – shrub to 5 m; leaves velvety underneath. Siskiyou Mountains.
*"Quercus garryana" var. "semota" – shrub to 5 m; leaves not velvety underneath. Sierra Nevada.

It is a drought tolerant tree, typically of medium height, growing slowly to around 20m (occasionally as high as 30m) or as a shrub to 3-5 m tall. It has the characteristic oval profile of other oaks when solitary, but is also known to grow in groves close enough together that crowns may form a canopy. The leaves are deciduous, 5-15 cm long and 2-8 cm broad, with 3-7 deep lobes on each side. The flowers are catkins, the fruit a small acorn 2-3 cm (rarely 4 cm) long and 1.5-2 cm broad, with shallow, scaly cups.

The Oregon White Oak is commonly found in the Willamette Valley hosting the mistletoe "Phoradendron flavescens". It is also commonly found hosting a green or yellow ball of up to 5 cm in size, attached to the underside of some of the leaves. This abnormal growth (a gall) is formed by the oak around a colony of wormlike larvae belonging to one of several species of tiny wasps. The most common species responsible for these galls is "Cynips maculipennis". The Garry oak is the only known foodplant of "Bucculatrix zophopasta" caterpillars.

History and uses

Before the European settlers came into the Willamette Valley, the oaks were mostly open-grown individual trees due to the burning practices of the native Calapuya people (wildfires are almost unknown in the Willamette Valley). Since the settlers did not continue this practice, the intervening land was soon covered with seedling oaks (called "scrub oaks" by the settlers) which grew vertically and formed a closed canopy. Remnants of the old open-grown oaks are still found in these closed oak stands.

Although the wood has a beautiful grain, it is difficult to season without warping and therefore the Garry Oak has not historically been regarded as having any commercial value and is frequently destroyed as land is cleared for development. However, Garry Oaks and their ecosystems are the focus of conservation efforts, including in communities such as Oak Bay, British Columbia, which is named after the tree, and Corvallis, Oregon. [cite web
last = Barnes
first = Marc
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Bald Hill Oak Restoration
work =
publisher = Oregon Oak Communities Working Group
month = November | year = 2003
url = http://www.oregonoaks.org/documents/baldhill.shtml
format =
doi =
accessdate = 2006-09-26 ] Moreover, recently the wood, which is similar to that of other white oaks, has been used experimentally in Oregon for creating casks in which to age wine.

References and notes

Cited references

General references

* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501033 Flora of North America: "Quercus garryana"]
* [http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Quercus+garryana Plants of British Columbia: "Quercus garryana"]
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Quercus%20garryana Jepson Flora Project: "Quercus garryana"]
* [http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/garryoak.pdf/ Garry Oak Ecosystem – Province of British Columbia - Ministry of Environment] [PDF]