Eleonora's Falcon

Taxobox
name = Eleonora's Falcon

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image_width = 240px
image_caption = An illustration by Naumann
status = LC
status_system = iucn3.1
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Falconiformes
familia = Falconidae
genus = "Falco"
species = "F. eleonorae"
binomial = "Falco eleonorae"
binomial_authority = Gene, 1839

Eleonora's Falcon ("Falco eleonorae") is a medium-sized falcon. It belongs to the hobby group, a rather close-knit number of similar falcons often considered a subgenus "Hypotriorchis". The Sooty Falcon is sometimes considered its closest relative, but while they certainly belong to the same lineage, they do not seem to be close sister species. [Helbig "et al." (1994), Wink "et al." (1998)] Eleonora's Falcon is named after Eleonor of Arborea, national heroine of Sardinia.

This species breeds on islands in the Mediterranean particularly off Greece (where two-thirds of the world's population breeds), but also in the Canary Islands, and off Spain, Italy, Croatia, Morocco and Algeria. Tilos Park is the breeding area for ten percent of the world population of Eleonora Falcons. Six hundred and fifty pairs of this species breed on this island according to research conducted by the Hellenic Ornithological Society and the European Union LIFE-Nature program of Tilos. It is rare as a vagrant north of its range.

Eleonora's Falcon is an elegant bird of prey, 36-42 cm long with an 87-104 cm wingspan. It is shaped like a large Eurasian Hobby or a small slender Peregrine Falcon, with its long pointed wings, long tail and slim body. There are two colour morphs: The adult dark morph is all sooty brown, with black underwing coverts. The light morph is more like a juvenile Eurasian Hobby, but has buff underparts, and also shows the contrast between the black underwing coverts and paler base to the flight feathers. Young birds are also like a large juvenile Hobby, but the pale underparts contrast with darker wingtips and wing coverts. The call is a typical falcon "kek-kek-kek".

This is a long-distance migrator, wintering in Madagascar. The migration route is thought to be coastal, with birds from the western end of the Mediterranean flying to Suez before flying south down the Red Sea, and across the Horn of Africa. Birds from the western end of the breeding range can cover 10,500 km during the trip.

It will take large insects, such as dragonflies, which are transferred from talons to beak and eaten in flight. It nests colonially on coastal cliffs, laying up to four eggs. This species has a delayed breeding season, in late summer, because it is a specialist hunter of migrating birds which pass through the Mediterranean islands at this time of year. It captures small birds in flight, using its speed and aerobatic skills. Birds spend much time cruising along coastal cliffs with steady wingbeats watching for tired incoming migrants.(Walter 1979)

Footnotes

References

*|year=2004|id=49503|title=Falco eleonorae|downloaded=9 May 2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
* (2001): "Raptors of the World". Houghton Mifflin, Boston. ISBN 0-618-12762-3
* (1994): Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene. "In:" aut|Meyburg, B.-U. & Chancellor, R.D. (eds.): "Raptor conservation today": 593-599. [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1994/4.%201994.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (1979): "Eleonora's Falcon: Adaptations to Prey and Habitat in a Social Raptor". University Of Chicago Press Wildlife Behavior and Ecology series, Chicago. ISBN 0-226-87229-7
* (1998): Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes). "In:" aut|Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eds.): "Holarctic Birds of Prey": 29-48. Adenex & WWGBP. [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1998/31.%201998.pdf PDF fulltext]