Black slug

Taxobox
name = Black slug

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image_width = 250px
status = NE
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Mollusca
classis = Gastropoda
ordo = Pulmonata
familia = Arionidae
genus = "Arion"
species = "A. ater"
binomial = "Arion ater"
binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)The black slug (sometimes black arion, European black slug, large black slug, or the northern menace), "Arion ater", is a species of large land slug, a terrestrial slug in the family Arionidae, the roundback slugs.

Characteristics

The size of the slug varies from 10 to 15 cm among fully extended adults. Maturity is reached at about 2.5 cm. [http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Animalia_inverts/Arion_ater.html "Arion ater"] at University of Paisley]

The color of the black slug is generally black, but varies greatly and can even be white. The general trend is for a darker pigmentation the farther north the species is found. The classification of brown-coloured and rust-coloured "black" slugs is somewhat disputed; the brown variation is sometimes considered to be a separate species, "Arion rufus" (Red Slug). [http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Animalia_inverts/Arion_ater.html Arion ater] at University of Paisley] Young specimens of black slug do have a brown colour, which is later lost if and when the slug changes color to the mature state. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arion_ater.html Arion ater] on [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu Animal diversity web] ]

The slug covers itself in a thick foul-tasting mucus which serves as both protection against predators as well as a measure to keep moist. It is somewhat difficult to wash off. [ [http://www.freewebs.com/worldofsnails/otherstuff.htm The world of snails] ]

Like other members of the Arionidae family, the black slug has a pneumostome (breathing hole) on its mantle through which it breathes. This mantle is the part which in snails secretes a shell, and in this species of slug the mantle contains a resilient protective structure of calcareous granules. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arion_ater.html Arion ater] on [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu Animal diversity web] ]

Range of distribution

This species is found in northern Europe (including Britain) and the Pacific Northwest. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arion_ater.html "Arion ater"] on [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu Animal diversity web] ]

* Not listed in IUCN red list - not evaluated (NE) [2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Cited 2 March 2007.]
* The British Isles
* Germany [ [http://www.mollbase.de/list/deunam.htm Deutsche Namen für einheimische Schnecken und Muscheln ] ]
* Newfoundland [ [http://www.ideaphore.com/Image_Galleries/2004.07.01.Chance.Cove/index.html Chance Cove Provincial Park, Newfoundland ] ]
* Scandinavia
*British Columbia

Behaviour

The black slug is mainly nocturnal and avoids exposure to sunlight. It is omnivorous, [ [http://www.gnm.se/gnm/sniglar/s_svart.asp Svart skogssnigel - Arion ater] at Natural history museum of Gothenburg] eating carrion, fungi, and vegetation (living and decaying). The slug prefers moist conditions, such as lawns, making it an unwelcome sight for homeowners. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arion_ater.html "Arion ater"] on [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu Animal diversity web] ] This moist environment is essential for the terrestrial locomotion of the slug to function.

Like all other species of the Arionidae family, the black slug is a hermaphrodite, meaning it can fertilize itself if needed, although a mate is preferred. After mating, the slug lays eggs about 5 mm in diameter. The favoured location for eggs is a dark, cold, damp place such as a compost heap.

In the past two decades, its mating with the non-native (at northern latitudes) pest species "Arion lusitanicus" (or Spanish slug) has resulted in a more resilient hybrid exhibiting increased tolerance to cold. [ [http://www.malacsoc.org.uk/Malacological%20Bulletin/BULL42/CANTERBURY.htm symposium at Canterbury Christ Church University College, Kent, UK, on 8-9 September 2003] from Malacological Society of London]

The mucus of the slug is highly distasteful to many animals. However, this slug does have some natural predators, including the hedgehog, badger, shrew, mole, mouse, frog, toad, snake, carnivorous beetle, and some birds. [Nickel, June 1998. The Slimy, Yet Special Slug. Natural History, 107:18.] When picked up or touched, the black slug will contract to a hemispherical shape and begin to rock from side to side. This defensive behaviour confuses predators, and is unique in the Arionidae family. [ [http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th11a(5).htm The large black slug] ]

Control

The are several means of controlling the spreading of the species in gardens, the most common practices involve gathering individuals and boiling them or drenching them in salt water, which is fatal to slugs. There are also commercially available poisons, as well as traps.

Control of slugs is generally done in the spring. The number of slugs can also be greatly reduced by not keeping a compost heap too near the garden.

References

External links

* [http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/forest/species/blackslug.html]