Airfield Defence Guards

The Airfield Defence Guard (ADG) mustering of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) performs specialist ground defence tasks to protect air power assets from hostile ground action [ Defence Jobs website Accessed on June 22, 2008] . The mustering is comprised of non-commissioned members, commonly called 'ADGies,' most of whom are employed within an Airfield Defence Squadron (AFDS). Their primary role is the protection of RAAF equipment, personnel, assets and facilities during operations. While ADGs train to counter special forces as the primary ground threat to the projection of air power, ADGs are themselves conventional forces. Other duties include training RAAF personnel in weapons handling and basic ground defence tactics.

ADGs are commanded by commissioned officers known as Ground Defence Officers (GRDEFO) who receive initial training at the Australian Army's Royal Military College (RMC), Duntroon. Following graduation from RMC, GRDEFOs undertake the Army Regimental Officer Basic Course (Infantry) prior to RAAF-specific training at the RAAF Security and Fire School (RAAFSFS), RAAF Base Amberley [ Defence Jobs website Accessed on June 22, 2008] .

ADGs do not operate anti-aircraft weapons, which are the responsibility of the Army's Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery. They are comparable to the British Royal Air Force Regiment, or the United States Air Force Security Forces.

Current structure

Infobox Military Unit
unit_name = Airfield Defence Guards


caption = Crest of the RAF Regiment
dates = 1 October 1942-Present
country = Australia
branch = Royal Australian Air Force
type = Infantry
role = Ground Defence
size = 2 Squadrons
command_structure = Combat Support Group
current_commander =
garrison = No 1 Sqn - Edinburgh
No 2 Sqn - Amberley
ceremonial_chief =
ceremonial_chief_label = Air Commodore-in-Chief
colonel_of_the_regiment =
nickname = "ADGies"
motto = "Protect the Force"
colors =
identification_symbol =
identification_symbol_label =
march =
mascot =
battles =
notable_commanders =
anniversaries =The ADG mustering may be broadly divided into those positions contained within an AFDS and those within other units. Within Combat Support Group, No. 395 Expeditionary Combat Support Wing (395ECSW) commands the two Airfield Defence Squadrons [ Royal Australian Air Force website Accessed on July 9, 2008] .

*No. 1 Airfield Defence Squadron (1AFDS) - RAAF Base Edinburgh
*No. 2 Airfield Defence Squadron (2AFDS) - RAAF Base Amberley [ Dept of Defence website Accessed on July 10, 2008] .

These are deployable tactical units, broadly comparable in size and structure to an infantry independent rifle company, which can provide force protection either for RAAF elements or other formations. 2AFDS comprises four Rifle Flights and a Support Flight; each Rifle Flight consists of four 10-man Sections and a Headquarters element of one GRDEFO, a SGT and a signaller. Support Flight contains communications, signals, field engineering and reconnaissance elements (including snipers) and is commanded by a GRDEFO and an ADG Flight Sergeant. 1AFDS is an integrated unit of permanent and reserve members; while it is headquarted at RAAF Base Edinburgh, South Australia, it has reserve Rifle Flights located in New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia [ Royal Australian Air Force website Accessed on June 22, 2008] .

Permanent Air Force NCOs may be a posted to a Ground Defence Training Section (GDTS) at any major RAAF base in Australia or to certain training units within Air Force Training Group. GDTS staff undertake both a training role and provide specialist advice to unit commanders. Reserve NCOs may be posted to an AFDS, an instructional post within a Reserve Training Wing squadron or to a Reserve Airbase Protection Flight within a Combat Support Unit or Expeditionary Combat Support Squadron. ADG Warrant Officers (WOFFs) may be posted to staff or policy positions within a higher headquarters.

History

econd World War

, p.4.] .

In October 1942 the Security Guards Unit was formed at Livingstone Field, Northern Territory [Kerr 1985, p.28.] . All RAAF guards were posted to this unit, irrespective of where they were serving. The Security Guards Unit was charged with providing guards for operational bases both within Australia and overseas. Trainees were instructed in the employment of anti-aircraft guns, ground patrolling, scouting and hand to hand combat. At first the unit had a strength of 567 personnel, increasing to 943 by July 1943; in that year the unit moved to Darwin [RAAF Historical Section 1995, p.162.] . The unit was renamed No. 1 Airfield Defence Squadron in April 1945 [RAAF Historical Section 1995, p.164.] .

A second unit, the Defence Pool, was established at Noemfoor in December 1944 [RAAF Historical Section 1995, p.163.] . It is believed that guards may have been trained at the Security Guards Unit and then posted to the Defence Pool for operational deployment. A detachment of the Defence Pool was deployed to Morotai island in early 1945 in order to prepare a camp for the arrival of the main party of the unit. The Defence Pool was subsequently ordered to be disbanded on March 28, 1945; however a reconsideration led to the establishment of No. 2 Airfield Defence Squadron. By May of that year ADGs had participated in a number of operations, including the recapture of Tarakan [Stanley 1997, p.217.] , Brunei and Balikpapan [Baker 1971, p.20.] . They had also suffered casualties, among them Leading Aircraftman Thomas Irvine and Corporal Clarence Tully [Stanley 1997, p.224.] who were killed during Japanese raids on Tarakan airfield. LAC Irvine died on May 5, 1945 [Odgers 1957, p.458.] and is believed to be the first ADG killed by enemy action; he is buried in the Commonwealth War Graves Cemetery on Labuan Island.

1945-1965

Following the end of hostilities, both Airfield Defence Squadrons were disbanded on November 19, 1945 [RAAF Historical Section 1995, p.164.] . Aerodrome Defence Officers (ADOs) and Aerodrome Defence Instructors (ADIs) were retained to deliver basic ground defence instruction to RAAF members during initial and continuation training. A significant proportion of RAAF National Service recruits received training in ground defence techniques. This included the use of the .303 rifle, Thompson Sub-Machine Gun, Bren Light Machine Gun and hand grenades, in addition to fieldcraft skills. No. 1 Airfield Defence Squadron was re-established at Mallala, South Australia as a National Service unit in 1951, then once again disbanded in 1952. There is evidence to suggest that the RAAF considered the introduction of an armoured car capability in the 1950s [Stephens 1995, p.332.] , with ADIs attending training on Staghound vehicles with the Army at Puckapunyal [Walker 2007 p.144.] ; this project was never brought to fruition.

In June 1965 a submission to the Air Board requested the establishment of 455 positions to provide for the defence of the eleven major RAAF bases in Australia, as well as overseas bases in Malaysia, Thailand and South Vietnam [ Wilson 1999, p.85.] . In the end, the ADG mustering was re-established in October 1965 [Wilson 2003, p.79.] with an authorised strength of 220 new positions in addition to the remustering of all Drill Instructors and ADIs [Stephens 1995, p.64.] . After the outbreak of the Vietnam War, Australia was asked to increase its level of commitment. To meet these new demands, the RAAF deployed a number of aircraft to Phan Rang Airbase, South Vietnam, in 1966. The USAF Security Force unit assigned to the base, asked the RAAF to contribute to the defence of the base.

Vietnam War

ADG Flights were deployed to South Vietnam with 2 Squadron at Phan Rang Air Base and No. 1 Operational Support Unit (1OSU) at Vung Tau. ADGs were also deployed to Ubon Air Base, Thailand to protect the RAAF detachment based there, including 79 Squadron flying Sabre jets. In Vietnam ADGs conducted both static security tasks and security patrols outside the base perimeter [Bennett 1995, p.302.] , thus distrupting the Viet Cong ability to conduct stand-off attacks against the bases. Corporal N.E. Power became the first airman to win the Military Medal since the Second World War for a night action on February 11, 1970, during which an enemy reconnaissance party was successfully ambushed near the perimeter of the Phan Rang base [Coulthard-Clark 1995, p.238.] [Bennett 1995, p.318.] . Airfield Defence Guards also provided most of the door gunners on UH-1 Iroquois helicopters with No. 9 Squadron during the war [Odgers 1974, p.87.] [Haran 2004, p.26.] .

When the government of South Vietnam collapsed in 1975, Australia ordered the evacuation of its embassy in Saigon. The final mission undertaken by ADGs in Vietnam was to provide security for the evacuation [Ham 2007, p.597 ] . The "last" evacuation aircraft was severely overloaded and four ADGs were left on the tarmac at Tan Son Nhut airfield, each armed with a pistol and four rounds of ammunition; a C-130 was diverted from Thailand to evacuate them later in the day [Ham 2007, p.601.] . Over 350 ADGs served in Vietnam [Wilson 2003, p.79.] , six being killed in the conflict [ Airfield Defence Guard Association website Accessed on July 8, 2008] . In addition to the MM awarded to CPL Powers, GRDEFOs and ADGs were awarded an MBE, eight mentions in dispatches and four Distinguished Flying Medals of the ten awarded to RAAF members [Coulthard-Clark 1995, pp.242-243.] .

1972-1999

After withdrawal from Vietnam the ADG mustering was reduced in numbers, with Rifle Flights posted to RAAF Bases Amberley, Fairbairn, Richmond and Williamtown and ADGs manning instructional posts at other establishments [Kerr 1985, p.32.] . Although the RAAF contemplated disbanding the mustering in the mid-1980s, the years between the Vietnam War and the 1999 deployment to East Timor were spent consolidating tactics and techniques such as reconnaissance skills and Quick Reaction Force (QRF) operations. 2AFDS was reformed on March 17, 1983 [RAAF Historical Section 1995, p.1634] with the headquarters located at RAAF Base Richmond and the Rifle Flights remaining dispersed; the unit was eventually consolidated at RAAF Base Amberley in January 1989. Itregularly deployed on RAAF and joint exercises such as those in the Kangaroo series and undertook occasional deployments to New Zealand.

New capabilities were trialled, such as scout dogs to aid in detection and tracking of enemy parties and the employment on Exercise Pitch Black 1990 of M113 Armoured Personnel Carriers from the Army's 2nd Cavalry Regiment to provide armoured mobility for the QRF. Both capabilities may be considered to have matured in recent years with the attachment of Security Police (SECPOL) Military Working Dog (MWD) teams to ADG patrols and the introduction into RAAF service of the Bushmaster Infantry Mobility Vehicles [ Air Force News website Accessed on July 10, 2008] . In 1992 2AFDS became the first non-flying unit to be awarded the Duke of Gloucester Cup [ Armstrong 1992, p.1] .

The period saw a generational change in weapons and equipment on issue to ADGs; jungle green uniforms were replaced by the Disruptive Pattern Combat Uniform (DPCU), the L1A1 Self Loading Rifle (SLR), M16 and F1 Sub-Machine Gun were replaced by the F88 Austeyr assault rifle and Vietnam-era radios were replaced with the Raven series of VHF and HF sets. ADGs continued to deliver weapon and ground defence training to RAAF personnel and provided the majority of instructors for recruit, apprentice and initial officer training. The scope of this role, the longest and most continuous of the ADG mustering and its predecessors, may be gauged by the delivery of conversion training from the L1A1 SLR to the F88 rifle for every member of the RAAF; at the same time the Ground Defence Training Sections, manned on each base by 3-5 ADGs and GRDEFOs, commenced delivery of additional ground defence training for all RAAF members as the service transitioned to an expeditionary role.

In 1992 1AFDS was reformed at RAAF Base Tindal, Northern Territory as a Ready Reserve unit. The Ready Reserve Scheme involved recruits enlisting for 12 months full-time service, completing identical recruit and trade training to that undertaken by regular airmen, followed by 4 years part-time service [Smith 2006, p.36.] . The cadre staff of 1AFDS consisted of Permanent Air Force (PAF) GRDEFOs and ADG NCOs; while the Ready Reserve Scheme was abolished in 1996, the RAAF implemented the Ground Defence Reserve Group based upon a similar concept, although with the full-time service commitment reduced to 9 months. This scheme is still in operation.

As individuals or in small groups, ADGs and GREDFOs deployed on peacekeeping operations in the Sinai and Bougainville, were attached to Army units providing Rifle Company Butterworth rotations and deployed to the Middle East with No. 33 Squadron in 1998. 2AFDS also deployed a Rifle Flight to assist with the evacuation of civilians from Cambodia in 1997 as part of Operation Vista [ Dept of Defence website Accessed on July 10, 2008] .

East Timor

Whilst preparing for deployment to Exercise Crocodile 99, 2AFDS, along with No. 381 Expeditionary Combat Support Squadron (381ECSS) and 382ECSS, were warned out for duty in East Timor on Operation Warden. Both 381ECSS and 382ECSS had ADGs and GRDEFOs on strength. 2AFDS and 381ECSS commenced deployment to Comoro Airfield, Dili, on September 20, 1999 [Wilson 2003, p.39.] ; 381ECSS began arriving at Cakung Airfield, Baucau on October 11, 1999 [Wilson 2003, p.56.] . 2AFDS undertook static security , access control and reconnaissance patrol tasks, in addition to establishing observation posts and providing a Quick Reaction Force (QRF). Reinforcements arrived on November 4, 1999 comprising 37 members of 3AFDS [Wilson 2003, p.86.] , an integrated permanent and reserve squadron headquartered at RAAF Base Amberley (subsequently disbanded in December 2006). The additional manpower also allowed the squadron to assume responsibility for the Dili heliport in December [Wilson 2003, p.94.] .

2AFDS was awarded a Meritorious Unit Citation and the Commanding Officer, Squadron Leader J.D. Leo, received the Distinguished Service Medal for performance during Operation Warden [Wilson 2003, p.133.]

olomon Islands

ADGs and GRDEFOs deployed to Henderson Field, Honiara as part of the RAAF component of Joint Task Force 635 on Operation Anode, the ADF contribution to the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). Following severe rioting in April 2006, members of 2AFDS were deployed as part of the ADF response to support police in reestablishing law and order. A further link with the Solomon Islands exists via Protective Service Officer Adam Dunning of the Australian Federal Police , who was shot and killed in Honiara in December 2004. Although deployed to the Solomon Islands in his civilian role, Dunning was a reservist ADG and had previously served with 2AFDS in East Timor.

Iraq

As part of Operation Catalyst, ADGs provided force protection to the RAAF air traffic control detachment at Baghdad International Airport, during 2003-04 [ Dept of Defence website Accessed on July 6, 2008] . Thirteen ADGs from 2AFDS are deployed in Baghdad with Security Detachment (SECDET) 13, the Australian combat team providing security for the Australian Embassy [ Nyhan 2008, p.9] . The ADGs are integrated within the infantry component of SECDET 13, drawn from the 7th Battalion Royal Australian Regiment (7RAR). Interestingly, the Commanding Officer 7RAR, Lieutenant Colonel Shane Gabriel, commenced his military career as a RAAF GRDEFO, serving with 2AFDS and as Base Ground Defence Officer, RAAF Base Tindal; he has also served with the RAF Regiment [ 7RAR Assn website Accessed on July 6, 2008] .

Afghanistan

The RAAF Control and Reporting Centre, based at Kandahar airport, has an embedded ground defence element which provides specialist force protection advice [ Queensland Times, March 26, 2008] . This deployment forms part of Operation Slipper, the ADF contribution to the International Security Assistance Force.

Other operations

In addition to the major campaigns listed above, in recent years ADGs have been involved in a range of smaller scale operations. These have included Operation Gold, the provision of ADF support to the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000; Operation Deluge, the provision of security to the 2007 Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Forum meetings in Sydney; and Operation Ramp [ Air Force News website Accessed on July 15, 2008] , the evacuation of Australian and foreign nationals from Lebanon in 2006 during the conflict between Israeli forces and Hezbollah.

election, training and conditions

Members are enlisted as ADGs in the permanent air force for an initial period of service of four years; those joining the Ground Defence Reserve Group are employed on full-time service for 11 months, followed by 4 years part-time service. Once a candidate has successfully completed RAAF recruit training they attend the 15 week ADG Basic course at the RAAF Security and Fire School (RAAFSFS) RAAF Amberley, Queensland. Airfield Defence Guard Basic Course is both physically and mentally demanding, it is not uncommon for less than 50% of the original trainee's to graduate from a course. Upon completion of trade training ADGs may wear the blue-grey beret which identifies them as a ground defence specialist.

Airmen graduate from ADG Basic course with the rank of Aircraftman (AC) and are posted to either 1AFDS or 2AFDS. Following a further 12 months service and favourable reporting, ADGs are reclassified to the rank of Leading Aircraftman (LAC). Post-graduate training may be undertaken to qualify in communications, field engineering/assault pioneer, direct fire support weapons, close personal protection and sniping [ Defence Force Remuneration Tribunal website Accessed on July 10, 2008] ; the majority of these courses being undertaken at Army training establishments. Further promotion is based upon minimum periods in rank, successful completion of appropriate trade and promotion courses, performance reporting and availability of positions. All ADGs must qualify as weapon instructors prior to promotion to NCO rank. Out of mustering postings may be available, with ADGs having served within Australias Federation Guard, as career advisers within a Defence Recruiting Centre and as Military Skills Instructors (MSIs) at No. 1 Recruit Training Unit (1RTU), RAAF Base Wagga Wagga and Officer Training School (OTS), RAAF Base East Sale.

Duties and Mission Roles

ADGs form the basis of the Air Force's ground combat force, protecting Base assets, infrastructure and personnel against attack by enemy ground forces. For planning purposes, a nominal Are of Operations (AO) for RAAF ground defence is usually extends to five kilometres from the airfield perimeter fence; in practice, however, the AO assigned to ADGs is determined by variables such as available forces, terrain, vegetation etc. ADGs are trained and equipped to locate, fix and destroy enemy ground forces, ideally during the reconnaissance phase of any intended attack on RAAF assets. This is achieved by the deployment of multiple patrol teams, usually consisting of 4-5 members, undertaking reconnaissance patrols, observation and listening posts. These teams are supported by specialist elements including snipers operating in a counter-sniper role. Once the enemy are located, forces are concentrated to engage and destroy their capability to complete their task. ADGs also provide a Base Commander with a Quick Reaction Force (QRF) mounted in wheeled vehicles. QRF teams are heavily armed and act as a mobile reserve to provide a counter-attack or counter-penetration capability should an enemy evade the patrol screen.

In addition to their operational role, ADGs provide essential ground defence training to the remainder of the RAAF. This includes instruction in weapon handling, ground defence and security tactics and Chemical, Biological, Radiologican and Nuclear (CBRN) defence. Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) may be posted to instructional positions at 1RTU; OTS; the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA), Canberra; Combat Survival Training School (CSTS, also known as COMSURV), RAAF Base Townsville; RAAF Security & Fire School, RAAF Base Amberley or a Ground Defence Training Section (GDTS) at any RAAF Base in Australia.

Tasks performed by ADGs

* patrolling over extended periods over arduous terrain and in extreme climatic conditions carrying a specified load necessary to accomplish the mission;
* foot and vehicle patrolling by day and by night in and around both established and bare base airfields and through vegetated or urban environments in all extremities of weather conditions and locations within or outside of Australia;
* manning of Observation Posts (OPs), Listening Posts (LPs) and standing patrols to detect and interdict enemy movement
* Quick Reaction Force (QRF) duties in response to identified threats;
* Aircraft Security Operations providing protection to both aircraft and infrastructure;
* construction of field defences and obstacles such as weapon pits and bunkers, fences and vehicle check points (VCPs);
* search and clearance operations;
* manning of crew served weapons such as machine guns and anti-armour weapons;
* security for special events;
* instruction on small arms including pistols, rifles, shotguns and Light Support Weapons (LSWs);
* instruction in Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) defence; and
* instruction in individual and unit ground defence tactics and techniques.

Equipment

The weapons and equipment issued to ADGs are similar to standard Australian infantry equipment

Weapons

* L9A1/L9A3 Self Loading Pistol (Browning Hi-Power)
* Glock 19 Jet Aircrew Pistol
* Heckler & Koch MP5 sub-machine gun
* Remington 870 shotgun
* F88 Austeyr rifle (Steyr AUG)
* Accuracy International SR-98 sniper rifle
* F89 Light Support Weapon (Minimi)
* MAG58 General Service Machine Gun
* M203 grenade launcher [ [http://www.airforce.gov.au/adg/index.htm RAAF Airfield Defence Guard webpage] Retrieved: June 27 2008.]
* M72 Light Anti-armour Weapon
* Carl Gustav recoilless rifle
* F1 hand grenade

Vehicles

* Land Rover 110 4WD; utility (Truck, utility, lightweight, MC2 (soft-top)) and Fitted For Radio (Truck, utility, lightweight, FFR, MC2 (soft-top))
* Land Rover 6x6
* Mercedes Benz Unimog medium truck
* Honda XR250 motorcycle
* Polaris Industries 4WD and 6WD All Terrain Vehicles (ATVs)
* Bushmaster Infantry Mobility Vehicle

Notes

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volume =
edition = First
url = http://www.allenandunwin.com/default.aspx?page=94&book=9781864482782
doi =
id =
isbn = 1 86448 278 8 |ref=Stanley1997
* Citation
last = Stephens
first = Alan
author-link =
last2 =
first2 =
author2-link =
title = Going Solo: The Royal Australian Air Force 1946-1971
place = Canberra
publisher = Australian Government Publishing Service
year = 1995
volume =
edition =
url =
doi =
id =
isbn = 0 644 42803 1 |ref=Stephens1995
* Citation
last = Walker
first = T. Graham
author-link =
last2 =
first2 =
author2-link =
title = The Bob Menzies Holiday Camp: RAAF 6 NSTU 17th Intake; July-December 1956 - Point Cook, Victoria
place = Adelaide
publisher = Self published
year = 1997
volume =
edition =
url =
doi =
id =
isbn = |ref=Wilson2003
* cite conference
first = David
last = Wilson
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = C130 Operations, No. 5 Airfield Construction Squadron, Airfield Defence, Logistics, Photographic Interpreters
booktitle = The RAAF in the War in Vietnam: The Proceedings of the 1998 RAAF History Conference
pages = 83-93
publisher = Air Power Studies Centre
date = 1999
location = Fairbairn
url = http://www.raaf.gov.au/airpower/html/publications/publications_catalogue_conferences.htm#history_conference
doi =
id =
accessdate =
* Citation
last = Wilson
first = David
author-link =
last2 =
first2 =
author2-link =
title = Warden to Tanager: RAAF Operations in East Timor
place = Maryborough
publisher = Banner Books
year = 2003
volume =
edition = First
url =
doi =
id =
isbn = 1 875593 26 8 |ref=Wilson2003

ee also

* Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air
* Objektschutzregiment der Luftwaffe
* RAF Regiment
* United States Air Force Security Forces

External links

* [http://www.ausdefence.com/ ADF Community Network]
* [http://www.adgies.com www.adgies.com]
* [http://www.ausspecialforces.com/adg.htm Australian SF Community]
* [http://www.defencejobs.gov.au/default.asp?p=716 Australian Government Job Info]
* [http://www.defence.gov.au/raaf/adg/ RAAF ADG site]