Worms, Germany

Infobox German Location
Name = Worms
Art = Stadt
image_photo= Worms_01.jpg
imagesize =
image_caption=Nibelungen Bridge over the Rhine at Worms
Wappen = DEU Worms COA.svg
lat_deg = 49 |lat_min = 37 |lat_sec = 55
lon_deg = 08 |lon_min = 21 |lon_sec = 55
Lageplan =
Bundesland = Rheinland-Pfalz
Landkreis = Kreisfreie Stadt
elevation = 86
elevationmax= 167
Fläche = 108.73
Einwohner = 82212
pop_ref = ["Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz"]
Stand = 2006-12-31
PLZ = 67501–67551
PLZ-alt = 6520
Vorwahl = 06241, "06242, 06246, 06247"
Kfz = WO
Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 19 000
LOCODE = DE WOR
Adresse = Marktplatz 2
67547 Worms
Website = [http://www.worms.de/ www.worms.de]
Bürgermeister = Michael Kissel
Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
Partei = SPD

Worms (pronounced|voɐms) is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine River. At the end of 2004, it had 85,829 inhabitants.

Established by the Celts who called it Borbetomagus, Worms today remains embattled with the cities Trier and Cologne over title of "Oldest City in Germany". Worms is the only German member in the organization Most Ancient European Towns Network.

Today the city is an industrial centre and is famed for the original «Liebfrauenstift-Kirchenstück» Epotoponym for the "Liebfraumilch" wine. Other industries include chemicals and metal goods.

Worms is one of the major sites where the events of the ancient German "Nibelungenlied" took place. A multimedia "Nibelungenmuseum" was opened in 2001, and a yearly festival right in front of the "Dom", the Cathedral of Worms, attempts to recapture the atmosphere of the time period.

Etymology

Worms' name is of Celtic origin: "Borbetomagus" meant "settlement in a watery area". This was eventually transformed into the Latin name "Vormatia" that had been in use since the 6th century. Many fanciful variant names for Worms exist only upon the title pages of books printed when Worms was an early centre of printing: for instance William Tyndale's English translation of the New Testament was printed at Worms in 1526.

Geography

Geographic location

Worms is located on the west bank of the Rhine River in between the cities of Ludwigshafen and Mainz. On the northern edge of town is where the tributary Pfrimm empties into the Rhine and on the southern edge of the city the tributary known as Eisbach or "Ice Stream" in English, flows into the Rhine.

Boroughs of Worms

Worms has 13 boroughs (or "Quarters") that surround the city center. They are as follows:

Climate

The climate in the Rhine River Valley is very temperate in the winter time and quite enjoyable in the summertime. Rainfall is below average for the surrounding areas. Snow accumulation in the winter is very low and often melts within a short period of time.

History

Infobox Former Country
native_name = "Reichsstadt Worms"
conventional_long_name = Imperial City of Worms
common_name = Worms
continent = Europe
region = Central Europe
country = Germany
era = Middle Ages
status = City-state
empire = Holy Roman Empire
government_type = Republic
year_start = 11th century
year_end = 1789
event_pre = City founded
date_pre = before 14 BC
event_start = Gained "Reichsfreiheit"
date_start = between 1074 and 1122
event1 = Concordat of Worms
date_event1 = 1122
event2 = "Reichstag" concluded
spaces|4Imperial Reform
date_event2 =
1495
event3 = Diet of Worms:
spaces|4Martin Luther banned
date_event3 =
1521
event4 = Sacked by French during
spaces|4War of Grand Alliance
date_event4 =
1689
event_end = Occupied by France
date_end = 1789–1816
event_post = Awarded to Hesse
date_post = 1816
p1 = Duchy of Franconia
image_p1 =
s1 = Grand Duchy of Hesse
flag_s1 = Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg
capital = Worms
footnotes =

Celts and Romans

The city has existed since before Roman times, when it was captured and fortified by the Romans under Drusus in 14 BC. From that time, a small troop of infantry and cavalry were garrisoned in "Augusta Vangionum"; this gave the settlement its Romanized but originally Celtic name "Borbetomagus". The garrison developed into a small town with the regularized Roman street plan, a forum, and temples for the main gods Jupiter, Juno, Minerva (upon whose temple, as is usual, was built the cathedral) and Mars.

Roman inscriptions and altars and votive offerings can be seen in the archaeological museum, along with one of Europe's largest collections of Roman glass. Local potters worked in the south quarter of the town. Fragments of amphoras show that the olive oil they contained had come from Hispania Baetica, doubtless by sea and then up the Rhine. At Borbetomagus, Gunther king of the Burgundians, set himself up as puppet-emperor, the unfortunate Jovinus, during the disorders of 411–13. The city became the chief city of the first kingdom of the Burgundians, who left few remains; however, a belt clasp from Worms-Abenheim is a museum treasure. They were overwhelmed in 437 by Hun mercenaries called in by the Roman general Aëtius to put an end to Burgundian raids, in an epic disaster that provided the source for the "Nibelungenlied".

Middle Ages

Worms was a Roman Catholic bishopric since at least 614 with an earlier mention in 346. In the Frankish Empire, the city was the location of an important palatinate of Charlemagne "(Karl der Grosse)", who built one of his many administrative palaces here. The bishops administered the city and its territory. The most famous of the early medieval bishops was Burchard of Worms.

Worms Cathedral ("Wormser Dom"), dedicated to St Peter, is one of the finest examples of Romanesque architecture in Germany. Alongside the nearby Romanesque cathedrals of Speyer and Mainz, it is one of the so-called "Kaiserdome" (Imperial Cathedrals). Some parts in early Romanesque style from the 10th century still exist, while most parts are from the 11th and 12th century, with some later additions in Gothic style (see the external links below for pictures).

Four other Romanesque churches as well as the Romanesque old city fortification still exist, making the city Germany's second in Romanesque architecture only to Cologne.

Golden Age

Worms prospered in the High Middle Ages. Having received far-reaching privileges from King Henry IV (later Emperor Henry III) as early as 1074, the city later became a "Reichsstadt", being independent of a local territory and responsible only to the Emperor himself. As a result, Worms was the site of several important events in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1122 the Concordat of Worms was signed; in 1495, a "Reichstag" concluded here made an attempt at reforming the disintegrating Imperial Circle Estates of the "Reichsreform" (Imperial Reform). Most importantly, among more than a hundred Imperial Diets held at Worms, the "Reichstag" of 1521 (commonly known as "the" Diet of Worms) ended with the Edict of Worms at which Martin Luther was declared an outlaw after refusing to recant his religious beliefs.

Modern era

In 1689 during the Nine Years' War, Worms was sacked by troops of King Louis XIV of France. The city was then occupied by troops of the French First Republic in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Bishopric of Worms was secularized in 1801, with the city being annexed into the First French Empire. In 1815 Worms passed to the Grand Duchy of Hesse in accordance with the Congress of Vienna and subsequently administered within Rhenish Hesse.

Worms was heavily bombed on the night of February 21-22, 1945 by the Royal Air Force during the last few months of World War II. A post-war survey estimated that 39 per cent of the town's developed area was destroyed. [ [http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb45.html RAF History - Bomber Command 60th Anniversary ] ] After the war, Worms became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate; the borough Rosengarten, on the east bank of the Rhine, was lost to Hesse.

Judaism in Worms

The city is known as a former center for Judaism. The Jewish community was established in the late tenth century, the first synagogue was erected in 1034. The Jewish Cemetery in Worms ("illustration, right") dating from the 11th century is believed to be the oldest in Europe. The Rashi Shul, a synagogue dating from 1175 and carefully reconstructed after its desecration on "Kristallnacht" is the oldest in Germany. Prominent rabbis of Worms include Elazar Rokeach and Yair Bacharach. At the Rabbinical Synod held at Worms in the eleventh century, rabbis for the first time explicitly prohibited polygamy. Much of the Jewish Quarter was destroyed in the events known as "Kristallnacht" in 1938. Worms today has a very small Jewish community. and a recognizable Jewish community in Worms no longer exists. However, after renovations in the 1970s and 1980s, many of the buildings of the Quarter can be seen in a close to original state, preserved as an outdoor museum.

Town twinning

Worms is twinned with:
*flagicon|France Auxerre, France
*flagicon|Germany Bautzen, Germany
*flagicon|USA Mobile, United States
*flagicon|Italy Parma, Italy
*flagicon|United Kingdom St Albans, United Kingdom
*flagicon|Israel Tiberias, Israel

Notable citizens

*Saint Erentrude, or Erentraud, (* ~650 in Worms –710) is a virgin saint of the Roman Catholic Church
*Heribert of Cologne, * ~ 970 in Worms was Archbishop of Cologne and Chancellor of Emperor Otto III
*Meir of Rothenburg, German rabbi and poet, a major author of the tosafot on Rashi's commentary on the Talmud
*Hans Folz * 1435/1440 in Worms, was a notable medieval German author.
*Ludwig Edinger, German anatomist and neurologist
*Samuel Adler, a noted Reform rabbi, was born in Wormscite book |title=Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896 |publisher=Marquis Who's Who |year=1967]
*Timo Hildebrand, German national footballer, was born in Worms
*Rabbi Rashi, lived in the Jewish quarter
*Rudi Stephan, German composer
*Friedrich Gernsheim, German composer, conductor and pianist.
*Curtis Bernhardt, German film director
*Hermann Staudinger, * 16 August 1889 in Worms, chemist who demonstrated the existence of macromolecules which he characterized as polymers.
*Hugo Sinzheimer, German legal scholar, member of the Constitutional Convention of 1919
*Vladimir Kagan, * 1927 in Worms, furniture designer
*Johann Nikolaus Götz, poet from Worms.
*Ida Straus

References

External links

*The [http://www.worms.de/englisch/tourismus/ Official website] of the city of Worms en icon
* [http://www.nibelungenmuseum.de/index.php?lang=en "Nibelungenmuseum"] website en icon
* [http://www.wormser-dom.de/ wormser-dom.de] , website of the Worms Cathedral with pictures de icon (click on the "Bilder" link in the left panel)
* [http://www.letsgo.com/GER/12-Rhineland-177 City guide] de icon
* [http://www.wormatia.de/ Wormatia] , the famous football club of Worms de icon
* [http://www.wormser-strassenbahn.de.vu/ Worms Tramway] , a historic page with old pictures de icon
* [http://www.wormser-region.de/ wormser-region.de] , another website about Worms de icon
* [http://wormatia.de/cms/en/ Wormatia] , the famous football club of Worms en icon