Midnight Special (song)

"Midnight Special" Roud Folk Song Index 6364 Carl Sandburg-1927
Written by	Traditional
Language	English
Form	Country blues
Original artist	Traditional
Recorded by	(Historically) Dave Cutrell–1926 Sam Collins–1927 Lead Belly–1934 (see also Other versions)

"Midnight Special" is a traditional folk song thought to have originated among prisoners in the American South.^[1] The title comes from the refrain which refers to the Midnight Special and its "ever-loving light" (sometimes "ever-living light").

Let the Midnight Special shine her light on me,

Let the Midnight Special shine her ever-loving light on me. (Traditional)

The song is historically performed in the country-blues style from the viewpoint of the prisoner. The song has been covered by many different artists.

History

Lyrics appearing in the song were first recorded in print by Howard Odum in 1905.^[2]

Get up in the mornin' when ding dong rings,

Look at table—see the same damn thing.

The first printed reference to the song itself was in a 1923 issue of Adventure magazine, a three-times-a-month pulp magazine published by the Ridgway Company.^[3] In 1927 Carl Sandburg published two different versions of "Midnight Special" in his The American Songbag, the first published versions.^[4]

The song was first commercially recorded on the OKeh label in 1926 as "Pistol Pete's Midnight Special" by Dave "Pistol Pete" Cutrell (a member of McGinty's Oklahoma Cow Boy Band).^[5] Cutrell follows the traditional song except for semi-comedic stanzas about McGinty and Gray and "a cowboy band".^[6]

Now, Mister McGinty is a good man, But he's run away now with a cowboy band. Refrain[6]

Now Otto Gray, he's a Stillwater man, But he's manager now of a cowboy band. Refrain[6]

In March 1929, the band, now Otto Gray and the Oklahoma Cowboys, recorded the song again, this time with the traditional title using only the traditional lyrics.^[7]

Sam Collins recorded the song commercially in 1927 under the title "The Midnight Special Blues" for Gennett Records.^[8] His version also follows the traditional style. His is the first to name the woman in the story, Little Nora, and he refers to the Midnight Special's "ever-living" light.

Yonder come a Little Nora. How in the world do you know?

I know by the apron and the dress she wears.^[9]

In 1934 Huddie William "Lead Belly" Ledbetter recorded a version of the song at Angola Prison for John and Alan Lomax, who mistakenly attributed it to him as the author. However, Ledbetter, instead, for his Angola session, appears to have inserted several stanzas relating to a 1923 Houston jailbreak into the traditional song.^[10] Ledbetter recorded at least three versions of the song, one with the Golden Gate Quartet, a slick gospel group (recorded for RCA at Victor Studio #2, New York City, June 15, 1940).

John and Alan Lomax, in their book, Best Loved American Folk Songs, told a credulous story identifying the Midnight Special as a train from Houston shining its light into a cell in the Sugar Land Prison. They also describe Ledbetter's version as "the Negro jailbird's ballad to match Hard Times Poor Boy. Like so many American folk songs, its hero is not a man but a train." The light of the train is seen as the light of salvation, the train which could take them away from the prison walls. It is highly reminiscent of the imagery of such gospel songs as Let the Light from your Lighthouse Shine on Me. Carl Sandburg had a different view. He believed the subject of the song would rather be run over by a train than spend more time in jail.^[11]

The song, as popularized by Ledbetter, has many parallel lines to other prison songs. It is essentially the same song as "De Funiac Blues," sung and played by Burruss Johnson and recorded by John Lomax at the Raiford State Penitentiary in Florida on 2 June 1939. Many of the lines appear in prison work songs such as "Jumpin Judy," "Ain't That Berta," "Oh Berta" and "Yon' Comes de Sargent." These songs, including Ledbetter's "Midnight Special." are composite. They mix standard prison song verses indiscriminately. Many of these component pieces have become canonized in the blues idiom and appear in mutated forms regularly in blues lyrics.

Although later versions place the locale of the song near Houston, early versions such as Walk Right In Belmont (Wilmer Watts; Frank Wilson, 1927) and North Carolina Blues (Roy Martin, 1930)—both essentially the same song as Midnight Special—place it in North Carolina.^[12] Most of the early versions, however, have no particular location. Only one recording, collected by the Lomaxes at the Mississippi State Penitentiary, actually identifies the railroad operating the Midnight Special— the Illinois Central which had a route through Mississippi.^[12]

Other versions

Folk/bluegrass musicians Wilma Lee and Stoney Cooper had a top 5 country hit with the song in 1959 as Big Midnight Special.

The country blues artist Bill Cox also did a song called "Midnight Special" (1933) which was essentially the same song as Cliff Carlisle's train-riding "Hobo Blues" (1930) with the chorus line from "Midnight Special" inserted into it. In Bill Cox's version, the light of the train represents the ability to flee from his situation of unemployment and destitution.

ABBA, The Beatles, Burl Ives, Mischief Brew, Johnny Rivers (whose 1965 version was used as the theme song for the 1970s NBC music television program The Midnight Special), Paul McCartney, Big Joe Turner, Bobby Darin, Cisco Houston, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Mungo Jerry, Van Morrison, Odetta, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, The Backyard Blues Boys, Little Richard, Leadbelly, Buckwheat Zydeco, Pete Seeger, Otis Rush, The Kingston Trio, The Spencer Davis Group, Lonnie Donegan, Eric Clapton, Harry Belafonte, Big Bill Broonzy, Ursa Major and The Fireman, among others, have recorded the song. Belafonte's 1962 version is notable for containing the very first official recording of Bob Dylan, who played harmonica.^[13]

Bob Dylan references a line from the song - "shine your light on me" - on the second track, Precious Angel, of his late 70s gospel album Slow Train Coming.^[14]

In popular culture

The Creedence Clearwater Revival version was featured heavily in the film Twilight Zone: The Movie. The song was also featured in part in the film Cool Hand Luke, sung by the actor Harry Dean Stanton.

References

1. ^ Lomax, American Ballads and Folk Songs, p. 71: "Sung in prisons all over the South, this song is probably of white origin."
2. ^ Oliver, Songster and Saints, p. 247: "An example of this form of nodal ballad is The Midnight Special, a prison song known in penitentiaries in many parts of the South. One stanza fragment which relates to the song was noted by Howard Odum about 1905 and published in his 1911 collection."
3. ^ Cohen, Long Steel Rail, p 479: "The earliest reference to the song I have found was in a letter to Robert W. Gordon, conducting the column 'Old Songs That Men Have Sung' in Adventure magazine. Dated August 3, 1923, the requested additional verses ..."
4. ^ Cohen, Long Steel Rail, p 479: "Carl Sandburg published two variants in his 1927 anthology, American Songbag, both without attribution."
5. ^ Russel, Country Music Records, p. 240: "Dave Cutrell; St. Louis, MO; May 1926; 9650-A; 'Pistol Pete's Midnight Special'; Despite the label credit to McGint'y Oklahoma Cow Boy Band as accompanists, the instrumentation is as shown. Rev. Okeh 45057 by McGinty's Oklahoma Cow Boy Band ..."
6. ^ ^{a b c} Cutrell, "Pistol Pete's Midnight Special", British Archive of Country Music.
7. ^ Waltz, The Traditional Ballad Index: "McGinty's Oklahoma Cowboy Band (now led by Otto Gray), "The Midnight Special" (Vocalion 5337; c. 1929)."
8. ^ Discography of Sam Collins (musician) by Stefan Wirz.
9. ^ Collins, "Midnight Special Blues".
10. ^ Cohen, Long Steel Rail, p. 480: "McCormick's researchers do not prove that the song "The Midnight Special" originated at the time of this 1923 jailbreak. It seems more probable that Leadbelly and others set the details of that event into the framework of an earlier, well-established traditional song. The strongest evidence for this assumption is that the song appeared widely throughout the South within a very few years after 1923, and invariably in versions that did not mention any of the individual associated with the Houston events of 1923."
11. ^ Waltz, The Traditional Ballad Index: "Carl Sandburg, on the other hand, believes that the song refers to suicide: That the convict would rather be dead under the wheels of the train than spend another twenty years in prison."
12. ^ ^{a b} Cohen, Long Steel Rail, p 479: One interesting version, collected from prisoners at the state prison at Parchman, Mississippi, has this chorus:

    Let the Midnight Special shine her light on me,

    You take the Illinois Central, and come to Kankakee.

13. ^ ""Midnight Special"". Songfacts.com. http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=8813. Retrieved 2010-06-21. 
14. ^ http://www.bobdylan.com/#/songs/precious-angel

Bibliography

• Cohen, Norm. Long Steel Rail: The Railroad in American Folksong. University of Illinois Press (2nd ed), 2000. ISBN 0252068815

• Oliver, Paul. Songsters and Saints: Vocal Tradition on Race Records. Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 0521269423

• Collins, "Crying" Sam. "Midnight Special Blues". Jailhouse Blues, 14. Yazoo, CD, 1990.

• Lomax, John A. and Alan Lomax. American Ballads and Folk Songs. Dover Publications (reprint), 1994. ISBN 0486282767

• Otto Gray's Oklahoma Cowboys. "Pistol Pete's Midnight Special" by Dave Cutrell acc. by McGinty's Oklahoma Cow Boy Band. Early Cowboy Band. British Archive of Country Music, CD D 139, 2006.

• Russell, Tony. Country Music Records: A Discography, 1921-1942. Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0195139895

• Waltz, Robert B; David G. Engle. "The Midnight Special". The Traditional Ballad Index: An Annotated Bibliography of the Folk Songs of the English-Speaking World. Hosted by California State University, Fresno, Folklore, 2007.