Italian Regency of Carnaro

Infobox Former Country
native_name = "Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro"
conventional_long_name = Italian Regency of Carnaro
common_name = Carnaro
continent = Europe
region = Balkans
status = Unrecognized state
country = Italy
era = Interwar period
event_start = Coup d'etat
year_start = 1919
date_start = September 12
event_end = Conquered
year_end = 1920
date_end = December 30
event_pre =
date_pre = 1919-09-12
event1 = Constitution
date_event1 = 1920-09-08
event2 = Treaty of Rapallo
date_event2 = 1920-11-12
p1 = Austria-Hungary
flag_p1 = Flag of Austria-Hungary 1869-1918.svg
s1 = Free State of Fiume
flag_s1 = Flag of the Free State of Fiume.svg






symbol = Coat of arms of Fiume


common_languages = Italian
capital = Fiume
government_type = Republic
legislature = Arengo del Carnaro
house1 = Consiglio degli Ottimi
house2 = Consiglio dei Provvisori
title_leader = Duce
leader1 = Gabriele D'Annunzio

The Italian Regency of Carnaro ("Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro" in Italian) was proclaimed as a state by Gabriele D'Annunzio in Fiume, now the city of Rijeka in Croatia, on September 8, 1920. The name was taken from the Kvarner Bay ("Golfo Carnaro" in Italian, "kvarnerski zaljev" in Croatian), where the city is located. The self-proclaimed state never received any recognition and in December it was replaced by the Free State of Fiume.

History

Gabriele D'Annunzio was angered by the proposed handing over of the city of Fiume at the Paris Peace Conference, and on September 12, 1919, he led the seizure by Italian nationalist irregulars of the city, forcing the withdrawal of the inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces. The plotters sought to have Italy annex Fiume, but were denied. Instead, Italy initiated a blockade of Fiume while demanding that the plotters surrender.

D'Annunzio then proclaimed the city to be under the "Italian Regency of Carnaro" with a constitution foreshadowing much of the later Italian Fascist system, with himself as dictator, with the title of Duce. D'Annunzio ignored the Treaty of Rapallo and declared war on Italy itself, only finally surrendering the city in December 1920 after a bombardment by the Italian navy.

Constitution

"Main article: Charter of Carnaro"

The Charter of Carnaro or "Carta del Carnaro", was a constitution that combined anarchist, proto-fascist, and democratic republican ideas. D'Annunzio is often seen as a precursor of the ideals and techniques of Italian fascism. His own explicit political ideals emerged in Fiume when he coauthored with syndicalist Alceste De Ambris. De Ambris provided the legal and political framework, to which D'Annunzio added his skills as a poet. De Ambris was the leader of a group of Italian seamen who had mutinied and then given their vessel to the service of D'Annunzio. The constitution established a corporatist state, with nine corporations to represent the different sectors of the economy, where membership was mandatory, plus a tenth corporation devised by D'Annunzio, to represent the superior individuals.

The legislative power vested in a bicameral legislature consisting of a Council of the Best ("Consiglio degli Ottimi") and a Council of Corporations ("Consiglio dei Provvisori"). Joint sessions of the Councils ("Arengo del Carnaro"), would be responsible for treaties with foreign powers, amendments to the constitution, and appointmen of a dictator in times of emergency. The charter designates "music" to be the fundamental principle of the state.

ee also

*Governors and Heads of State of Fiume
*Postage stamps and postal history of Fiume
*Free State of Fiume
*Irredentism

External links

*http://worldatwar.net/nations/other/fiume/
*http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/hr-fiume.html