Guan (bird)

Taxobox
name = Guans

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image_width = 240px
image_caption = A piping-guan, "Aburria" sp.
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Galliformes
familia = Cracidae
subdivision_ranks = Genera
subdivision =
*"Aburria"
*"Chamaepetes"
*"Oreophasis"
*"Penelope"
*"Penelopina"

The guans are a number of bird genera which make up the largest group in the family Cracidae. They are found mainly in northern South America, southern Central America, and a few adjacent Caribbean islands.

Genera and species are:

* Genus "Penelopina"
** Highland Guan, "Penelopina nigra"

* Genus "Chamaepetes"
** Black Guan, "Chamaepetes unicolor"
** Sickle-winged Guan, "Chamaepetes goudotii"

* Genus "Penelope"
** Band-tailed Guan, "Penelope argyrotis"
** Bearded Guan, "Penelope barbata"
** Baudo Guan, "Penelope ortoni"
** Andean Guan, "Penelope montagnii"
** Marail Guan, "Penelope marail"
** Rusty-margined Guan, "Penelope superciliaris"
** Red-faced Guan, "Penelope dabbenei"
** Crested Guan, "Penelope purpurascens"
** Cauca Guan, "Penelope perspicax"
** White-winged Guan, "Penelope albipennis"
** Spix's Guan, "Penelope jacquacu"
** Dusky-legged Guan, "Penelope obscura"
** White-crested Guan, "Penelope pileata"
** Chestnut-bellied Guan, "Penelope ochrogaster"
** White-browed Guan, "Penelope jacucaca"

* Genus "Aburria" - piping-guans; includes "Pipile" (see Grau "et al." 2005)
** Trinidad Piping-guan, "Aburria pipile"
** Blue-throated Piping-guan, "Aburria cumanensis"
** Red-throated Piping-guan, "Aburria cujubi"
** Black-fronted Piping-guan, "Aburria jacutinga"
** Wattled Piping-guan, "Aburria aburri"

The peculiar Horned Guan, "Oreophasis derbianus", is not a true guan, but a very distinct and ancient cracid with no close living relatives (Pereira "et al." 2002).

The evolution of the group is fairly well resolved due to comprehensive analyses of morphology, biogeography, and mt and nDNA sequences (Pereira "et al." 2002, Grau "et al." 2005). The position of "Penelopina" and "Chamaepetes" - peculiar genera of which the former, uniquely among guans and more in line with curassows, shows pronounced sexual dimorphism - relative to each other is not determinable with certainty at present, but all evidence suggests that they are the basalmost guans. Their distribution is fairly far northwards, with 2 of their 3 species living in Central America. This indicates that the guans' origin is in the northern Andes region, in the general area of Colombia or perhaps Ecuador; the date of their initial radiation is not well resolved due to the lack of fossil evidence but can be very roughly placed around 40–25 mya (Oligocene, perhaps some time earlier). The two basal lineages diverged during the Burdigalian, around 20–15 mya.(Pereira "et al" 2002)

The two larger genera diverged around the same time, spreading mainly southwards all over tropical South America in the process (Pereira "et al" 2002). It appears as if the present-day distribution of the piping-guans is much relictual, due to climate changes fragmenting lowland habitat. "Aburria" were apparently being driven into refugia of suitable habitat time and again during the Late Pliocene by a combination of this and, possibly, competition with the more diverse and generally more adaptable "Penelope" (Grau "et al." 2005).

References

* ffrench , Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): "A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago" (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2

* Grau, Erwin T.; Pereira, Sérgio Luiz; Silveira, Luís Fábio; Höfling, Elizabeth & Wanjtal, Anita (2005): Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Neotropical piping guans (Aves: Galliformes): "Pipile" Bonaparte, 1856 is synonym of "Aburria" Reichenbach, 1853. "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" 35: 637–645. doi|doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.004 [http://individual.utoronto.ca/sergiolp/pdf/MPE2005.pdf PDF fulltext]

* Pereira, Sérgio Luiz; Baker, Allan J.& Wajntal, Anita (2002): Combined nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences resolve generic relationships within the Cracidae (Galliformes, Aves). "Systematic Biology" 51(6): 946–958. DOI|10.1080/10635150290102519 [http://individual.utoronto.ca/sergiolp/pdf/SB2002.pdf PDF fulltext]