John of Ephesus

John of Ephesus (or of Asia) (c. 507 - c. 586) was a leader of the Orthodox non-Chalcedonian Syriac-speaking Church in the sixth century, and one of the earliest and most important of historians who wrote in Syriac.

Life

Born at Amida (modern Diyarbakır in southern Turkey) about 507, he was there ordained as a deacon in 529 but in 534 we find him in Palestine, and in 535 he passed to Constantinople. The cause of his leaving Amida might have been the great plague which broke out there in 542. However he also had already been traveling the region before in order to collect stories for his collection of saints lives. He was back in Amida at the start of the furious persecution directed against the Monophysites by Ephrem, patriarch of Antioch, and Abraham (bishop of Amida c. 520-541). Around 540 he returned to Constantinople and made it his residence.

In Constantinople he seems to have early won the notice of Justinian I, one of the main objects of whose policy was the consolidation of Eastern Christianity as a bulwark against the Zoroastrian power of Persia, through persecution of all the remaining pagans of the empire. John is said by Barhebraeus ("Chron. eccl." i. 195) to have succeeded Anthimus as Monophysite bishop of Constantinople, but this is probably a mistake. In any case, he enjoyed the emperor's favor until the death of the latter in 565 and (as he himself tells us) was entrusted with the administration of the entire revenues of the Monophysite Church.

He was sent by Justinian on a mission for the conversion of such pagans as remained in Asia Minor in 542, and informs us that the number of those whom he baptized amounted to 70,000. He also built a large monastery at Tralles on the hills skirting the valley of the Meander, and more than 90 other monasteries, mostly on top of demolished pagan temples. Of the mission to the Nubians which he promoted, though he did not himself visit their country, an interesting account is given in the 4th book of the 3rd part of his History. He was ordained bishop of Ephesus (Asia) for the anti-Chalcedonians in 558 by Jacob Baradaeus.

In 546 the emperor entrusted him with the task of rooting out the secret practice of idolatry in Constantinople and its neighborhood. He carried out this task faithfully, torturing all suspected of the "wicked heathenish error", as John himself calls it, and finding much worship of the ancestral gods amongst the Empire aristocracy. But his fortunes changed soon after the accession of Justin II. About 571 John III the Scholasticus, the orthodox or Chalcedonian patriarch, began (with the sanction of the emperor) a rigorous persecution of the Monophysite Church leaders, and John was among those who, ironically, suffered most. He gives us a detailed account of his sufferings in prison, his loss of civil rights, etc., in the third part of his "History". The latest events recorded are of the date 588, and the author cannot have lived much longer; but of the circumstances of his death nothing is known.

Writings

John's main work was his "Ecclesiastical History", which covered more than six centuries, from the time of Julius Caesar to 588. It was composed in three parts, each containing six books. The first part seems to have wholly perished. The second, which extended from Theodosius II to the 6th or 7th year of Justin I, was - according to F. Nau - reproduced in full or almost in full, in John's own words, in the third part of the Chronicle which was till lately attributed to the patriarch Dionysius Telmaharensis, but is really the work of an unknown compiler. Modern research has shown that it is more likely that large parts are missing. Of this second division of John's "History", in which he may have incorporated the so-called "Chronicle" of Joshua the Stylite, considerable portions are found in the British Museum manuscripts Add. 14647 and 14650, and these have been published in the second volume of J. P. N. Land's "Anecdota Syriaca". But the whole is more completely presented in the Vatican manuscript ("Codex Zuquenensis", Var. Syr. 162), which incorporates much of John's chronicle in an autographon dated to the eighth century. (English translation, with notes, by Amir Harrak, "The Chronicle of Zuqnin, Parts III and IV" [Toronto, 1999] .)

The third part of John's history, which is a detailed account of the ecclesiastical events which happened in 571-588, as well as of some earlier occurrences, survives in a fairly complete state in Add. 14640, a British Museum manuscript of the seventh century. It forms a contemporary record of great value to the historian. Its somewhat disordered state, the want of chronological arrangement, and the occasional repetition of accounts of the same events are due, as the author himself informs us (ii. 50), to the work being almost entirely composed during the times of persecution. The same cause may account for the somewhat slovenly Syriac style. The writer claims to have treated his subject impartially, and though written from the narrow point of view of one to whom Monophysite "orthodoxy" was all-important, it is evidently a faithful reproduction of events as they occurred. This third part was edited by William Cureton (Oxford, 1853) and E.W. Brooks (CSCO 105, Louvain, 1935), and was translated - sometimes paraphrase - into English by Robert Payne Smith (Oxford, 1860), into German by J. M. Schonfelder (Munich, 1862) and into Latin by Brooks (CSCO106, Louvain, 1936).

John's other known work was a series of "Biographies of Eastern Saints", compiled about 569. These have been edited by Land in "Anecdota Syriaca", ii. 1-288, and translated into Latin by Douwen and Land (Amsterdam, 1889), and into English by Brooks ("Patrologia Orientalis" vols 17-19, 1923-26). An estimate of John as an ecclesiastic and author was given by the Louis Duchesne in a memoir read before the five French Academies on October 25, 1892.

References

*1911|article=John of Asia|url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Of_Asia
* Susan Ashbrook-Harvey, [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3d5nb1n1/ "Asceticism and Society in Crisis: John of Ephesus and the "Lives of the Eastern Saints"] . Berkeley, 1990.
* Jan Jacob van Ginkel, "John of Ephesus. A Monophysite Historian in Sixth-century Byzantium". Groningen, 1995.