1820s

Events and trends

*Nationalistic independence helped reshape the world during this decade:
**Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empire in the Greek War of Independence (1821-1827).
**Several countries declared their independence from Spain and Portugal:
***The Republic of Gran Colombia under President Simón Bolívar (1819 - 1828) expands over South America
***Mexico (1821)
***Brazil (1822)
*The United Provinces of Central America were formed in 1823.
* Invention of the photograph.
*United States (1825) The Erie Canal opens - passage from Albany, New York to Lake Erie and the Ohio and Erie Canal is dug to extend settlement access and commercial traffic to the Ohio River.
*Temperance movement emerges in U.S.
* Americo-Liberians begin to settle in the Colony of Liberia with the support of the American Colonization Society

World leaders

* Emir Dost Mohammad Khan (Afghanistan)
* Supreme director José Rondeau (Argentina)
* Acting supreme director Juan Pedro Julián Aguirre y López de Anaya (Argentina)
* President Bernardino Rivadavia (Argentina)
* President Vicente López y Planes (Argentina)
* General Manuel Dorrego (Argentina)
* General Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina)
* Emperor Francis II (Austria)
* Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
* Sheikh Sulman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah (Bahrain)
* Sheikh Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah (Bahrain)
* Administrative leader Tendzin Drugdra (Bhutan)
* Administrative leader Choki Gyaltshen (Bhutan)
* President Simón Bolívar (Bolivia)
* President Antonio José de Sucre (Bolivia)
* President José María Pérez (Bolivia)
* President José Miguel de Velasco (Bolivia)
* President Pedro Blanco (Bolivia)
* President Andrés de Santa Cruz (Bolivia)
* Emperor Pedro I (Brazil)
* Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam (Brunei)
* Sultan Muhammad Alam (Brunei)
* Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (Brunei)
* King Ang Chan II (Cambodia)
* President Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile)
* President Agustín Eyzaguirre (Chile)
* Provisional triumvirate of the three provinces Congreso de Plenipotenciarios (Chile)
* Interim Supreme Director Ramón Freire (Chile)
* Acting Supreme Director Diego José Benavente (Chile)
* President Manuel Blanco Encalada (Chile)
* President Francisco Antonio Pinto (Chile)
* President Francisco Ramón Vicuña (Chile)
* President José Tomás Ovalle (Chile)
* Emperor Daoguang (China)
* President Simón Bolívar (Greater Colombia)
* King Frederick VI (Denmark)
* Governor Muḩammad ‘Alī (Egypt)
* Emperor Iyoas II (Ethiopia)
* Emperor Gigar (Ethiopia)
* Emperor Baeda Maryam III (Ethiopia)
* President José Cecilio del Valle (Federal Republic of Central America)
* President Manuel José Arce (Federal Republic of Central America)
* President José Francisco Barrundia (Federal Republic of Central America)
* King Louis XVIII (Restoration France)
* King Charles X (Restoration France)
* Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias (Greece)
* King Henri Christophe (Haiti)
* President Jean Pierre Boyer (Haiti)
* Pope Pius VII
* Pope Leo XII
* Shogun Tokugawa Ienari (Japan)
* Khan Omar Beg (Kokand)
* Khan Mohammed Ali (Kokand)
* Emperor Sunjo (Korea)
* Emir Jaber I Al-Sabah (Kuwait)
* Emperor Agustín de Iturbide (Mexico)
* President Guadalupe Victoria (Mexico)
* President Vicente Guerrero (Mexico)
* President José María Bocanegra (Mexico)
* President Pedro Vélez (Mexico)
* Sultan Slimane (Morocco)
* Sultan Abderrahmane (Morocco)
* Padshah Akbar II (Mughal Empire)
* Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
* King Frederick William III (Prussia)
* Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Sikh Empire, Punjab)
* Emperor Alexander I (Russia)
* Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
* King Victor Emmanuel I (Sardinia)
* King Charles Felix (Sardinia)
* King Rama II (Siam)
* King Rama III (Siam)
* King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
* King Charles XIV John (Sweden)
* Pasha Yusuf Karamanli (Tripoli)
* King George IV (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
* King William I (United Kingdom of the Netherlands)
* President James Monroe (United States)
* President John Quincy Adams (United States)
* Emperor Minh Mang (Vietnam)