Legio IX Hispana

Legio IX Hispana
Map of the Roman empire in 125 CE, under emperor Hadrian, showing the Legio IX Hispana, then stationed (from 121 CE to ca. 132)[citation needed] on the river Rhine at Noviomagus (Nijmegen, Netherlands), in Germania Inferior province
Active	Before 58 BCE to sometime in the 2nd century
Country	Roman Republic and Roman Empire
Type	Roman legion (Marian)
Role	Infantry assault
Garrison/HQ	Eboracum (71 – ?)
Mascot	Bull (likely)
Engagements	Gallic Wars (58–51 BC) Cantabrian Wars (29–19 BC)
Commanders
Notable commanders	Julius Caesar

Legio Nona Hispana (Ninth Spanish Legion)^[1] was a Roman legion, which operated from the first century BCE until mid 2nd century CE. The Spanish Legion's disappearance has raised speculations over its fate, largely of its alleged destruction in Scotland in about 117 CE, though some scholars believe it was destroyed in the Roman-Parthian Wars or during the Bar Kokhba Revolt of 132–136 CE. There is no evidence of what happened to the famous Legion, as it simply drops out of records around early second century CE. The last concrete information of its whereabouts is in 107–108 CE, where they are mentioned being stationed to help rebuild the legionary fortress at York (Eboracum). There exists no concrete evidence at this time that either theory on the fate of the legion is correct or otherwise.

History

The origin of the legion is uncertain, but Caesar is known to have found a Ninth Legion already based in Gaul in 58 BC,^[2] where it remained during the whole campaign of the Gallic wars.

According to Stephen Dando-Collins the legion was raised, along with the 6th, 7th and 8th, by Pompey in Hispania in 65 BCE.^[3]

Caesar's Ninth Legion fought in the battles of Dyrrhachium and Pharsalus (48 BC) and in the African campaign of 46 BC. After his final victory, Caesar disbanded the legion and settled the veterans in the area of Picenum.^[4]

Following Caesar's assassination, Octavian recalled the veterans of the Ninth to fight against the rebellion of Sextus Pompeius in Sicily. After defeating Sextus, they were sent to the province of Macedonia. The Ninth remained with Octavian in his war of 31 BCE against Mark Antony and fought by his side in the battle of Actium. With Octavian as sole ruler of the Roman world, the legion was sent to Hispania to take part in the large scale campaign against the Cantabrians (25–13 BCE). The nickname Hispana ("stationed in Spain") is first found during the reign of Augustus and probably originated at this time.

After this, the legion was probably a member of the imperial army in the Rhine border that was campaigning against the Germanic tribes. Following the abandonment of the Eastern Rhine area (after the disaster of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest — 9 CE), the Ninth was relocated in Pannonia.

Invasion of Britain

In 43 CE they probably participated in the Roman invasion of Britain led by emperor Claudius and general Aulus Plautius, because they soon appear amongst the provincial garrison. In 50 CE, the Ninth was one of two legions that defeated the forces of Caratacus at Caer Caradoc. Under the command of Caesius Nasica they put down the first revolt of Venutius between 52 and 57. The Ninth suffered a serious defeat under Quintus Petillius Cerialis in the rebellion of Boudica (61) and was later reinforced with legionaries from the Germania provinces. Around 71 CE they constructed a new fortress at York (Eboracum), as shown by finds of tile-stamps from the site.^[5]

Disappearance

It is often said that the legion disappeared in Britain about 117 CE.^[6][7] However, the names of several high ranking officers of the Ninth are known who probably served with the legion after ca. 120 (e.g., Lucius Aemilius Karus, governor of Arabia in 142/143), which suggests that the legion continued in existence after this date. It has been suggested that the legion may have been destroyed during the Bar Kochba Revolt in Iudaea Province, or possibly in the ongoing conflict with the Parthian Empire but there is no firm evidence for this.^[8]

That the fate of the 9th was settled somewhere in the East, following a strategic transfer, rather than being lost in a British catastrophe, has now become the preferred scenario, although ultimately the evidence for this is rather insubstantial. The last testified activity of the Ninth in Britain is during the rebuilding in stone of the legionary fortress at York (Eboracum) in 108 CE. Its subsequent movements remain unknown, but there is crucial evidence, in the form of two stamped tiles, of the Legion's presence at Nijmegen (Noviomagus) in the Netherlands, which had been evacuated by X Gemina.^[9] As these were stamped by the legion, and not by a vexillation of the legion, they cannot relate to the known presence of a sub unit of the legion on the Rhine frontier during the mid 80s when the emperor Domitian was fighting his war against the Chatti.

Two passages from ancient literature are thought to have a bearing on the problem. Evidence for substantial troop losses in Britain is supplied by the Roman historian Marcus Cornelius Fronto, writing in the 160s CE, who consoled the emperor Marcus Aurelius, by reminding him of past tragedies, “Indeed, when your grandfather Hadrian held imperial power, what great numbers of soldiers were killed by the Jews, what great numbers by the Britons”.^[10] Details of these casualties remain unknown, but, as the emperor Hadrian himself visited Britain around 122 CE, because, “the Britons could not be kept under Roman control”,^[11] it is plausible that Hadrian was responding to a military disaster.^[12] It is equally likely that the building of Hadrian's Wall stirred up trouble in the area.

The Ninth was certainly no longer in existence by the mid 2nd century as a list of legions compiled during the reign of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (161–180 CE) fails to mention it. Sheppard Frere, an eminent Romano-British authority, has concluded that, "further evidence is needed before more can be said".^[13] Nevertheless, Miles Russell (senior lecturer in Roman Archaeology at Bournemouth University) has claimed that "by far the most plausible answer to the question "what happened to the Ninth" is that they fought and died in Britain, disappearing in the late 110s or early 120s when the province was in disarray".^[14][15] This is a minority view in Romano-British and Roman military studies.

Further speculation about a serious British war during the reign of Hadrian may be supported by a tombstone recovered from Vindolanda, Chesterholm in Northumberland. Here, the man commemorated, Titus Annius, a centurion of the First Cohort of Tungrians, had been, “killed in ... war” (in bello ... interfectus).^[16] Further afield, a tombstone from Ferentinum in Italy was set up to Titus Pontius Sabinus, who, amongst other things, had commanded detachments of the VII Gemina, VIII Augusta and XXII Primigenia Legions on the “British expedition”, taking reinforcements to the island after (or even during) a major conflict, probably early in the emperor Hadrian’s reign (117–138 CE).^[17]

In fiction and popular culture

• In Rosemary Sutcliff's 1954 historical novel The Eagle of the Ninth, a young Roman officer, Marcus Flavius Aquila, is trying to recover the Eagle standard of his father's legion beyond Hadrian's Wall.
• A Home Service radio dramatisation of The Eagle of the Ninth was broadcast on Children's Hour in about 1956.
• In Alan Garner's 1973 novel Red Shift, one narrative involves a group of Roman soldiers who are survivors of the Legion's destruction, trying to survive in hostile, second-century Cheshire.
• In Karl Edward Wagner's 1976 fantasy novel Legion from the Shadows (featuring Robert E. Howard's Bran Mak Morn), the survivors of the Ninth flee underground where they interbreed with the Worms of the Earth.
• A BBC television serial was made of The Eagle of the Ninth in 1977.
• The 1979 historical novel Legions of the Mists by Amanda Cockrell recounts the destruction of the Ninth Hispania by an attack by combined tribes in Scotland.
• In David Gemmell's "Stones of Power" historical fantasy series, (1988–1991) the Ninth have been trapped in in Limbo and are released by the protagonists (Uther Pendragon in Ghost King and Alexander the Great in Dark Prince (1991)) to help in battles.
• In Marion Zimmer Bradley's Lady of Avalon historical fantasy novel, (1997) the Ninth is destroyed in a battle with the native Britons, from which the hero Gawen escapes to return to Avalon.
• In Susanna Kearsley's 1997 novel The Shadowy Horses, an archaeologist believes he's found the remains of a fort that housed the Ninth Legion in remote Eyemouth, Scotland.^[18]
• N. M. Browne's 2000 Warriors of Alavna accounts for the disappearance of the Legion by transporting it to an alternative reality.
• In Ken MacLeod's 2002 science fiction novel Dark Light, the government of Nova Babylonia is descended from the Ninth Legion, the implication being that it was abducted by aliens and transported to that distant planet.
• Valerio Massimo Manfredi's 2002 historical novel L'ultima legione (The Last Legion) depicts the Ninth Legion as being part of the legend of King Arthur.
• Jim Butcher's Codex Alera fantasy series (2004–2009) is populated by the descendants of the Ninth Legion and its camp followers, which had been transported to the continent of Carna^{[citation needed]}
• The 2006 album Caledonia by German Celtic Metal band Suidakra includes a song "The IXth Legion" about the legion's fight with the Picts.
• The 2007 movie The Last Legion based upon the Manfredi novel.
• In Stephen Lorne Bennett's 2010 historical novel Last of the Ninth the Ninth Legion is destroyed by the Parthians under General Chosroes, in Cappadocia in 161 CE.
• The 2010 movie Centurion follows the destiny of the Ninth Legion seen from the perspective of centurion Quintus Dias.
• The 2011 movie The Eagle is based on the book The Eagle of the Ninth.

See also

Military of ancient Rome portal

• List of Roman legions
• Castra
• York

References

1. ^ "York's Spanish connection". BBC.co.uk. 13 January 2008. http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/iloveny/romans/2004/spanish_legion/index.shtml. 
2. ^ Keppie, Lawrence (1984). The Making of the Roman Army, from Republic to Empire. London: Batsford. pp. 208. ISBN 0713436514. 
3. ^ Dando-Collins, Stephen (2002). Caesar's Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar's Elite Tenth Legion and the Armies of Rome. New York: Wiley. pp. 269–270. ISBN 0471095702. 
4. ^ Keppie, Lawrence (1983). Colonisation and veteran Settlement in Italy, 47-14 BC. London: British School at Rome. pp. 54. ISBN 0904152065. 
5. ^ Wright, R. P. (1978). "Tile-Stamps of the Ninth Legion found in Britain". Britannia 9: 379–382. http://www.jstor.org/pss/525953. 
6. ^ E.g., Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol.1 (1956).
7. ^ On this whole question, see: Campbell, Duncan B. (2010). "The fate of the Ninth: the curious disappearance of Legio VIIII Hispana". Ancient Warfare IV.5: 48–53. https://www.ancient-warfare.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&catid=7&id=283&view=article&Itemid=102. 
8. ^ http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/ix_hispana.html
9. ^ Haalebos, Jan Kees (2000). "Römische Truppen in Nijmegen". In Le Bohec, Yann. Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire. Lyon: Diffusion De Boccard. pp. 465–489. ISBN 2904974199. 
10. ^ Fronto Parthian War 2, 220
11. ^ Scriptores Historiae Augustae Hadrian, 5, 1
12. ^ E.g. Breeze, D. & Dobson, B. (2000). Hadrian's Wall (4th ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 25. ISBN 0140271821. 
13. ^ Frere, S. S. (1987). Britannia. A History of Roman Britain (Third, extensively revised ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 124. ISBN 0710212151. 
14. ^ Miles Russell, pages 41–45 BBC History Magazine, May 2011
15. ^ M. Russell Bloodline: the Celtic Kings of Roman Britain p 180-5 (2010)
16. ^ Roman Inscriptions of Britain, vol. 3 (Oxford 2009) no. 3364
17. ^ B. Dobson Die Primipilares (Cologne/Bonn, 1978) no. 117, where the connection with Hadrian's visit is considered "likely".
18. ^ Amazon reviews of The Shadowy Horses.

External links

• livius.org account of Legio IX Hispana
• [1] York Tile Stamp