Honinbo Sansa

Infobox Go player
playername=Honinbo Sansa


fullname=Honinbo Sansa
kanji=本因坊算砂
dateofbirth=1559
cityofbirth=
countryofbirth=Japan
dateofdeath=death date|1623|6|13|mf=y
cityofdeath=
countryofdeath=Japan
teacher=Senya
rank=9 dan

Honinbō Sansa (本因坊算砂, 1559–June 13, 1623) was the assumed name of Kanō Yosaburo (加納 與三郎), one of the strongest Japanese Go players of the Edo period (1603-1867), and founder of the house of Honinbō, first among the four great schools of Go in Japan. He was a Buddhist priest of the Nichiren sect, and his original dharma name was Nikkai (日海).

Life and career

Nikkai was born in Kyōto and became a monk at age nine. The name "Honinbō", (originally pronounced "Honninbō"), comes from a sub-temple of the Jakkōji temple complex in Kyōto where Nikkai, the first "Honinbō", resided.

Among his students were the "daimyo" Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, the three great "unifiers" of Feudal Japan. Nikkai considered the three generals to be "fifth-degree" players (五子, comparable to amateur 4 or 5 dan), but "diplomacy" was likely a factor in Nikkai's even-handed assessment of these imposing figures.

It was the Shogun Nobunaga who, in 1578, recognized twenty-year-old Nikkai as the first "Meijin" of Go. In 1582, Nikkai, at the behest of Nobunaga, was involved in a notorious game at the Honnōji Temple against his rival, another Nichiren priest, Kashio Rigen (鹿塩 利玄 b. 1565). (Apparently, there is a theory that "Kashio" and "Rigen" were two different people. See the Japanese version of this article.) The game is traditionally held to have taken place on the eve of the treacherous Incident at Honnōji, (in which Nobunaga was forced to commit seppuku), and is said to have ended in a "triple ko". Hence the notion of triple ko as bad omen. There is a game record, but typical for the period, it is incomplete. The triple ko may have occurred, somewhat implausibly, in unrecorded remaining plays, or in another game that day, but in the end, there is no evidence that this is more than a good story.

In 1587, Nobunaga's successor, the regent ("kampaku") Hideyoshi gave Nikkai an official position, (forerunner to the office of "Go-dokoro"), granting his temple an annual four "koku" of rice and setting up a tournament that he attended in person. In 1592, Nikkai was given the rank of "Gon-no-Daisoku" by the Go-Yozei Emperor.

In 1603, the Go-Yozei Emperor recognized sixty-year-old Tokugawa Ieyasu as Shogun, inaugurating the 250-year rule of the Tokugawa bakufu. At the direction of Ieyasu, Nikkai turned priestly duties at Jakkoji over to his younger brother Nichiei and became the first "Go-dokoro", in which office Nikkai was provided fifty "koku" of rice and five servants. Also around this time (1605?), Nikkai took the name "Honinbō Sansa" ("Sansa" written 算砂: the characters for "calculating" and "sand").

Sansa was also a strong "shogi" player, but in the Tokugawa era, Go was organised into four "houses" (or "academies"), and Shogi into three, which would compete in oshirogo or "Castle Go" (and "Castle Shogi") tournaments for the title Meijin. (See more at "Shogi".) The official nature of these arrangements meant that Go and Shogi masters held different offices. In 1612, eight Go and Shogi players were given individual state support. This system persisted over two and a half centuries, until the collapse of the Tokugawa government itself in the Meiji Restoration.

The beginning of the "oshirogo" matches in Edo, seat of the Tokugawa government, meant that at the end of each year, Sansa had to travel east for a month. He is said to have turned down an official residence in Edo's early Nihombashi district, but was given other accommodations. (It was the unrivaled fourth Honinbō, Honinbō Dōsaku (1645-1702) who finally moved the school to Edo.) Sansa died in Edo at the age of 65.

Legacy

Honinbō Sansa was succeeded by a youth named Sugimura, who due to his age, had to wait several years after Sansa's death to re-establish the Honinbō house as Honinbō Sanetsu when he turned twenty. However, the title of "Meijin" was regained by the third head of Honinbō, and altogether, seven of the ten generations of historic "Meijin" were Honinbō. In addition, all three traditional "Kisei" ("Go Sages") were Honinbō masters. (Both "Meijin" and "Kisei" are now titles administered by the Nihon Ki-in.)

The school established by Honinbō Sansa, along with the Inoue and Yasui schools, lasted into the 20th century, but struggled without government backing. In 1936, the last Honinbō master, the controversial Honinbō Shusai, turned selection of the Honinbō title over to the Nihon Ki-in. (See Honinbō Tournament.)

In popular culture

He has been featured in the Japanese manga Hikaru no Go.

References

* "Life of the first "Hon-in-bo", Takeshi Ishikawa, Monthly Go Review 1961/7
* [http://www.jakkoin.jp/ Homepage of the Jakkoin Temple]
* [http://www.nihonkiin.or.jp/juniorclub/history/history04.htm/ Nihon Ki-in History of Go for Kids (Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo Periods)]

Persondata
NAME=Honinbo Sansa
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Kanō Yosaburo
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Go player, founded the prestigious Honinbo school
DATE OF BIRTH=circa 1559
PLACE OF BIRTH=Japan
DATE OF DEATH=June 13, 1623
PLACE OF DEATH=Japan