- Aucassin and Nicolette
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For the 18th century French 'comédie mise en musique', see Aucassin et Nicolette (opera).
Aucassin and Nicolette, 19th century oil-on-canvas by Marianne Stokes
Aucassin et Nicolette (12th or 13th C) is an anonymous medieval French chantefable, or combination of prose and verse (literally, a "sung story", similar to a prosimetrum).
Contents
History
The work probably dates from the late 12th or early 13th century, and is known from only one surviving manuscript, discovered in 1752 by medievalist La Curne de Sainte-Pelaye (BnF, Fonds Français 2168).[1]
Stylistically, the chantefable combines elements of many Old French genre's such as the chanson de geste (e.g., The Song of Roland), lyric poems, and courtly novels—literary forms already well-established by the twelfth century.[1] It is the only known chantefable, and thus from this work the term chantefable is coined from the concluding lines: “No cantefable prent fin” ("Our chantefable is drawing to a close").[1]
Plot summary
The story begins[2] with a song which serves as prologue; and then prose takes up the narrative, telling how Aucassin, son of Count Garin of Beaucaire, so loved Nicolette, a Saracen maiden, who had been sold to the Viscount of Beaucaire, baptized and adopted by him, that he had forsaken knighthood and chivalry and even refused to defend his father's territories from enemies. Accordingly his father ordered the Viscount to send Nicolette away, but the Viscount locked her in a tower of his palace instead. Aucassin is imprisoned by his father to prevent him from going after his beloved Nicolette. But Nicolette escapes, hears Aucassin lamenting in his cell, and comforts him with sweet words. She flees to the forest outside the gates, and there, in order to test Aucassin's fidelity, builds a rustic home to await his arrival. When he is released from prison, Aucassin hears from shepherd lads of Nicolette's hiding-place, and seeks her bower. The lovers, united, resolve to leave the country. They board a ship and are driven to the (fictional) kingdom of "Torelore", whose king they find in child-bed, while the queen is with the army. After a three years' stay in Torelore they are captured by Saracen pirates and separated. Contrary winds blow Aucassin's boat back to Beaucaire, where he succeeds to Garin's estate, while Nicolette is carried to "Cartage" (perhaps a play on Carthage or Cartagena[1]). The sight of the city reminds her that she is the daughter of its king, and a royal marriage is planned for her. But she avoids this by disguising herself in a minstrel's garb and sets sail for Beaucaire to rejoin her beloved Aucassin. There, before Aucassin who does not immediately recognize her, she sings of her own adventures, and in due time makes herself known to him.
Major themes
Critics have seen the story as a parody of such genres as the epic, the romance, and the saint's life.[1] "Few Old French genres escape parody in this concise literary encyclopedia."[1] For example the theme of distant love (amor de lonh), common in Provençal poetry, is reversed: the lady dresses up as a troubadour and seeks out her beloved man.[1] Many of the scenes which seem outwardly comedic, such as the pregnant King (more gender reversal) or wars fought with cheese and apple projectiles (wars are usually fought over food, not with food), are further examples of flipping traditional literary tropes on their head. Aucassin's speech that he would prefer hell to heaven because hell's inmates are likely to be more entertaining is a play on Saints Lives. Even the names are at odds, "Aucassin" (al-Kassim?) sounds more Saracen than the very Christian "Nicolette".[1]
The story was included in Mortimer Adler's Gateway to the Great Books (1962) collection, which called it one of the freshest and most delightful "springtime flowers of literature."[3]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Karl Uitti. "Aucassin et Nicolette" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Vol. 1, pg. 642-644
- ^ The plot summary is extracted with alterations from Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern - Volume 2, ed. Charles Dudley Warner, 1896. See "Aucassin and Nicolette" by Frederick Morris Warren, pg. 943.
- ^ Mortimer Adler. Gateway to the Great Books: Volume 2: Imaginative Literature I. Gateway to the Great Books Index
External links
- Aucassin et Nicolette, translated by Eugene Mason (2001).
- Aucassin and Nicolette at Project Gutenberg, translated by Andrew Lang (1887)
- Aucassin and Nicolette at Project Gutenberg, translated by Francis William Bourdillon (1908)
- Aucassin and Nicolette, translation and introduction by Andrew Lang (1887). An unauthorized fine press edition by Thomas Bird Mosher "the prince of pirates", via Internet Archive (scanned book)
- Aucassin and Nicolette at LibriVox (audiobook)
- Aucassin et Nicolette at BestofLegends.org
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