- 1973 Ezeiza massacre
Infobox civilian attack
title = Ezeiza massacre
caption = Book cover ofHoracio Verbitsky 's book on the massacre.
location = Ezeiza International Airport,Buenos Aires ,Argentina
target = Left-wing Peronist masses
date =June 20 ,1973
time =
timezone =
type =Sniper massacre
fatalities = 13 (at least)
injuries = 365 (at least)
perps =Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
susperps =
weapons =Sniper rifle sThe Ezeiza massacre took place onJune 20 ,1973 near the Ezeiza International Airport inBuenos Aires ,Argentina .Peronist masses, including many young people, had gathered there to acclaimJuan Perón 's definitive return from an 18-year exile inSpain . The police counted three and a half million people. In his plane, Perón was accompanied by "El Tío" ("Uncle") presidentHéctor Cámpora , representantive of the Peronists' left wing, who had come to power onMay 25 ,1973 , amid popular euphoria and a period of political turmoil. Héctor Cámpora was opposed to thePeronist right wing , declaring during his first speech that "the spilled blood will not be negotiated" [ "La sangre derramada no sera negociada", quoted by Hugo Moreno, in "Le désastre argentin. Péronisme, politique et violence sociale (1930-2001)", Ed. Syllepses, Paris, 2005, p.107 ] . However, from Juan Perón's tribune, camouflaged snipers, members of the "Triple A"terrorist group, opened fire on the crowd. Theleft-wing Peronist Youth and theMontoneros had been trapped. At least 13 dead people have been identified, and 365 injured during the massacre [ es iconHoracio Verbitsky , "Ezeiza",Contrapunto , Buenos Aires, 1985. Available [http://www.elortiba.org/ezeiza.html here] ] . According to "Clarín" newspaper, the real number must have been a lot higher [ es icon cite news | title=Ezeiza, una masacre que causó el estallido del peronismo | publisher=Clarín | date=2005-08-28 | url=http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/especiales/2005/08/28/l-01215.htm ] . However, no official investigation has been performed to confirm these higher estimations.Figures involved
The Ezeiza massacre marked the end of the alliance of left and right-wing Peronists which Perón had managed to form. Héctor Cámpora represented the main figure of the left-wing and
José López Rega , Perón's personal secretary who had accompanied Perón during his exile in Francoist Spain, was the right-wing's representative. López Rega was also the founder of the infamous "Triple A" right-wing terrorist group (aka the "Alianza Anticomunista Argentina "), to which the snipers belonged. A populist and a nationalist, Perón was popular from the left to the far-right, but this conjunction of forces ended that day. During his exile, Perón himself had supported both left-wing Peronists, "young idealists" whose icons includedChe Guevara (Montoneros, "Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias " — FAR, "Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas " — FAP,Peronist Youth — JP — and others) and right-wing Peronists composing "Special Formations", gathering radicals such as the "Guardia de Hierro" (Iron Guard) or the "Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara ".The tribune had been set up by lieutenant-colonel
Jorge Manuel Osinde and far-right figures of Peronism, such asAlberto Brito Lima andNorma Kennedy .Lorenzo Miguel ,Juan Manuel Abal Medina andJosé Ignacio Rucci , general secretary of the CGT ("Confederación General del Trabajo") — controlled by the Peronist right-wing —, had the responsibility of organizing the Peronists' mobilization to Ezeiza. Members of the "Unión Obrera Metalúrgica " trade union, the "Juventud sindical peronista " and other right-wing sectors were also on Perón's tribune, facing the left-wing groups in the crowds (FAR, Montoneros, JP and others — the FAP had disarmed on May 25, 1973).Italian terrorist
Stefano Delle Chiaie , who worked inOperation Gladio but also maintained links with theChile anDINA and TurkishGrey Wolves memberAbdullah Çatlı , was also present at Ezeiza, according to investigations by Spanish magistrateBaltasar Garzón . [ es icon cite news | title=Las Relaciones secretas entre Pinochet, Franco y la P2 - Conspiración para matar | publisher=Equipo Nizkor | date=1999-02-04 | url=http://www.derechos.org/sorin/doc/p2.html ]Carlos "El Indio" Castillo , member of the "Concentración Nacionalista Universitaria " (CNU), also took part in the massacre. [ es icon cite news | title=Detuvieron al Indio Castillo, acusado de un atentado contra un intendente correntino - El buen amigo de Rico necesita un buen abogado | publisher=Página/12 | date=2000-03-20 | url=http://www.pagina12.com.ar/2000/00-03/00-03-20/pag03.htm / en icon See also [http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/tort/peni/castillo/eng.html Carlos Castillo's biography in English] on desaparecidos.org ] The following night, Buenos Aires' walls were covered by graffiti "Osinde assassin of the Peronist people".Political context
The massacre had been premeditated to remove president Héctor Cámpora, a moderate of the left-wing, from power. During Cámpora's first month of governing, approximatively 600 social conflicts,
strike s and factory occupations had taken place. [ Hugo Moreno, "op.cit.", p.109 ] Workers managed to obtain wage increases and better working conditions, and social tensions were increasing because of this. The workers' movement had gathered the sympathy of large sectors, sometimes anti-Peronist, of the middle classes. OnJune 2 ,1973 ,José Ignacio Rucci , general secretary of the CGT, had responded to aCuba n delegate to the CGT congress asking for a toast in honour ofChe Guevara , that they were against left-wing imperialism. The Peronist right-wing gradually took control of the whole of thetrade union organization, placing people close to the leader José Ignacio Rucci.Impact
Perón’s definitive return to Argentina, after 18 years of exile, put an end to the contradictions of Peronism, which gathered political opponents in the same party. The battle near the Ezeiza airport marked the end of the transition period of Cámpora, who had succeeded the authoritarian regime of general
Alejandro Lanusse and preceded the old Perón’s return. According to Hugo Moreno, "ifOctober 17 ,1945 may be considered as the founding act of Peronism, by thegeneral strike and the presence of the masses imposing their will of support to Perón, theJune 20 ,1973 massacre marks the entrance on the scene of the late right-wing Peronism." [ Hugo Moreno, "op.cit.", p.110 ]The return and incident is described by
Tomas Eloy Martinez in his novel "La Novela de Peron" (The Peron Novel).ee also
* 1976
Montejurra massacre, in Spain (similar mode of operation)
*1977 Taksim square massacre , in Turkey (similar mode of operation)
*Propaganda Due (P2), the outlawed masonic lodge of whichJosé López Rega , the founder of the "Triple A", was a member
*Stefano Delle Chiaie , Italian terrorist present at EzeizaReferences
External links
* [http://www.elortiba.org/ezeiza.html "Ezeiza", Contrapunto, Buenos Aires, 1985] by
Horacio Verbitsky
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.