OpenMP

OpenMP

Original author(s)	OpenMP Architecture Review Board[1]
Developer(s)	OpenMP Architecture Review Board[2]
Stable release	3.1[3] / July 9, 2011; 4 months ago (2011-07-09)
Written in	C, C++, and Fortran
Operating system	Cross-platform
Platform	Cross-platform
Type	API
License	Various[4]
Website	openmp.org

OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an API (application programming interface) that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing programming in C, C++, and Fortran, on most processor architectures and operating systems, including Linux, Unix, AIX, Solaris, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows platforms. It consists of a set of compiler directives, library routines, and environment variables that influence run-time behavior.^[5][6][7]

OpenMP is managed by the non-profit technology consortium OpenMP Architecture Review Board (or OpenMP ARB), jointly defined by a group of major computer hardware and software vendors, like AMD, IBM, Intel, Cray, HP, Fujitsu, NVIDIA, NEC, Microsoft, Texas Instruments, Oracle Corporation, and more.^[8]

OpenMP uses a portable, scalable model that gives programmers a simple and flexible interface for developing parallel applications for platforms ranging from the standard desktop computer to the supercomputer.^[9]

An application built with the hybrid model of parallel programming can run on a computer cluster using both OpenMP and MPI (Message Passing Interface), or more transparently through the use of OpenMP extensions for non-shared memory systems.

Introduction

An illustration of multithreading where the master thread forks off a number of threads which execute blocks of code in parallel.

OpenMP is an implementation of multithreading, a method of parallelization whereby the master "thread" (a series of instructions executed consecutively) "forks" a specified number of slave "threads" and a task is divided among them. The threads then run concurrently, with the runtime environment allocating threads to different processors.

The section of code that is meant to run in parallel is marked accordingly, with a preprocessor directive that will cause the threads to form before the section is executed. Each thread has an "id" attached to it which can be obtained using a function (called omp_get_thread_num()). The thread id is an integer, and the master thread has an id of "0". After the execution of the parallelized code, the threads "join" back into the master thread, which continues onward to the end of the program.

By default, each thread executes the parallelized section of code independently. "Work-sharing constructs" can be used to divide a task among the threads so that each thread executes its allocated part of the code. Both task parallelism and data parallelism can be achieved using OpenMP in this way.

The runtime environment allocates threads to processors depending on usage, machine load and other factors. The number of threads can be assigned by the runtime environment based on environment variables or in code using functions. The OpenMP functions are included in a header file labelled "omp.h" in C/C++.

History

The OpenMP Architecture Review Board (ARB) published its first API specifications, OpenMP for Fortran 1.0, in October 1997. October the following year they released the C/C++ standard. 2000 saw version 2.0 of the Fortran specifications with version 2.0 of the C/C++ specifications being released in 2002. Version 2.5 is a combined C/C++/Fortran specification that was released in 2005.

Version 3.0, released in May, 2008. Included in the new features in 3.0 is the concept of tasks and the task construct. These new features are summarized in Appendix F of the OpenMP 3.0 specifications.

Version 3.1 of the OpenMP specification was released July 9, 2011.

The core elements

Chart of OpenMP constructs.

The core elements of OpenMP are the constructs for thread creation, workload distribution (work sharing), data-environment management, thread synchronization, user-level runtime routines and environment variables.

In C/C++, OpenMP uses #pragmas. The OpenMP specific pragmas are listed below:

Thread creation

omp parallel. It is used to fork additional threads to carry out the work enclosed in the construct in parallel. The original process will be denoted as master thread with thread ID 0.

Example (C program): Display "Hello, world" using multiple threads.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  #pragma omp parallel
  { 
    printf("Hello, world.\n");
  }
  return 0;
}

Output on a computer with 2 Cores and 2 threads.

Hello, world.
Hello, world.

Work-sharing constructs

used to specify how to assign independent work to one or all of the threads.

• omp for or omp do: used to split up loop iterations among the threads, also called loop constructs.
• sections: assigning consecutive but independent code blocks to different threads
• single: specifying a code block that is executed by only one thread, a barrier is implied in the end
• master: similar to single, but the code block will be executed by the master thread only and no barrier implied in the end.

Example: initialize the value of a large array in parallel, using each thread to do a portion of the work

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    const int N = 100000;
    int i, a[N];
 
    #pragma omp parallel for
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
        a[i] = 2 * i;
 
    return 0;
}

OpenMP clauses

Since OpenMP is a shared memory programming model, most variables in OpenMP code are visible to all threads by default. But sometimes private variables are necessary to avoid race conditions and there is a need to pass values between the sequential part and the parallel region (the code block executed in parallel), so data environment management is introduced as data sharing attribute clauses by appending them to the OpenMP directive. The different types of clauses are

Data sharing attribute clauses

• shared: the data within a parallel region is shared, which means visible and accessible by all threads simultaneously. By default, all variables in the work sharing region are shared except the loop iteration counter.
• private: the data within a parallel region is private to each thread, which means each thread will have a local copy and use it as a temporary variable. A private variable is not initialized and the value is not maintained for use outside the parallel region. By default, the loop iteration counters in the OpenMP loop constructs are private.
• default: allows the programmer to state that the default data scoping within a parallel region will be either shared, or none for C/C++, or shared, firstprivate, private, or none for Fortran. The none option forces the programmer to declare each variable in the parallel region using the data sharing attribute clauses.
• firstprivate: like private except initialized to original value.
• lastprivate: like private except original value is updated after construct.
• reduction: a safe way of joining work from all threads after construct.

Synchronization clauses

• critical: the enclosed code block will be executed by only one thread at a time, and not simultaneously executed by multiple threads. It is often used to protect shared data from race conditions.
• atomic: the memory update (write, or read-modify-write) in the next instruction will be performed atomically. It does not make the entire statement atomic; only the memory update is atomic. A compiler might use special hardware instructions for better performance than when using critical.
• ordered: the structured block is executed in the order in which iterations would be executed in a sequential loop
• barrier: each thread waits until all of the other threads of a team have reached this point. A work-sharing construct has an implicit barrier synchronization at the end.
• nowait: specifies that threads completing assigned work can proceed without waiting for all threads in the team to finish. In the absence of this clause, threads encounter a barrier synchronization at the end of the work sharing construct.

Scheduling clauses

• schedule(type, chunk): This is useful if the work sharing construct is a do-loop or for-loop. The iteration(s) in the work sharing construct are assigned to threads according to the scheduling method defined by this clause. The three types of scheduling are:

1. static: Here, all the threads are allocated iterations before they execute the loop iterations. The iterations are divided among threads equally by default. However, specifying an integer for the parameter "chunk" will allocate "chunk" number of contiguous iterations to a particular thread.
2. dynamic: Here, some of the iterations are allocated to a smaller number of threads. Once a particular thread finishes its allocated iteration, it returns to get another one from the iterations that are left. The parameter "chunk" defines the number of contiguous iterations that are allocated to a thread at a time.
3. guided: A large chunk of contiguous iterations are allocated to each thread dynamically (as above). The chunk size decreases exponentially with each successive allocation to a minimum size specified in the parameter "chunk"

IF control

• if: This will cause the threads to parallelize the task only if a condition is met. Otherwise the code block executes serially.

Initialization

• firstprivate: the data is private to each thread, but initialized using the value of the variable using the same name from the master thread.
• lastprivate: the data is private to each thread. The value of this private data will be copied to a global variable using the same name outside the parallel region if current iteration is the last iteration in the parallelized loop. A variable can be both firstprivate and lastprivate.
• threadprivate: The data is a global data, but it is private in each parallel region during the runtime. The difference between threadprivate and private is the global scope associated with threadprivate and the preserved value across parallel regions.

Data copying

• copyin: similar to firstprivate for private variables, threadprivate variables are not initialized, unless using copyin to pass the value from the corresponding global variables. No copyout is needed because the value of a threadprivate variable is maintained throughout the execution of the whole program.
• copyprivate: used with single to support the copying of data values from private objects on one thread (the single thread) to the corresponding objects on other threads in the team.

Reduction

• reduction(operator | intrinsic : list): the variable has a local copy in each thread, but the values of the local copies will be summarized (reduced) into a global shared variable. This is very useful if a particular operation (specified in "operator" for this particular clause) on a datatype that runs iteratively so that its value at a particular iteration depends on its value at a previous iteration. Basically, the steps that lead up to the operational increment are parallelized, but the threads gather up and wait before updating the datatype, then increments the datatype in order so as to avoid racing condition. This would be required in parallelizing Numerical Integration of functions and Differential Equations, as a common example.

Others

• flush: The value of this variable is restored from the register to the memory for using this value outside of a parallel part
• master: Executed only by the master thread (the thread which forked off all the others during the execution of the OpenMP directive). No implicit barrier; other team members (threads) not required to reach.

User-level runtime routines

Used to modify/check the number of threads, detect if the execution context is in a parallel region, how many processors in current system, set/unset locks, timing functions, etc.

Environment variables

A method to alter the execution features of OpenMP applications. Used to control loop iterations scheduling, default number of threads, etc. For example OMP_NUM_THREADS is used to specify number of threads for an application.

Sample programs

In this section, some sample programs are provided to illustrate the concepts explained above.

Hello World

This is a basic program, that exercises the parallel, private and barrier directives, as well as the functions omp_get_thread_num and omp_get_num_threads (not to be confused).

C

This program can be compiled using gcc-4.4 with the flag -fopenmp

#include <omp.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {
  int th_id, nthreads;
  #pragma omp parallel private(th_id)
  {
    th_id = omp_get_thread_num();
    printf("Hello World from thread %d\n", th_id);
    #pragma omp barrier
    if ( th_id == 0 ) {
      nthreads = omp_get_num_threads();
      printf("There are %d threads\n",nthreads);
    }
  }
  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

C++

This program can be compiled using GCC: gcc -Wall -fopenmp test.cpp -lstdc++
NOTE: The STL types (e.g. iostreams) are not thread-safe (as of 2011-09-20). Therefore, for instance, "cout" calls must be executed in critical areas or by only one thread (e.g. masterthread).

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
#include <omp.h>
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  int th_id, nthreads;
  #pragma omp parallel private(th_id) shared(nthreads)
  {
    th_id = omp_get_thread_num();
    #pragma omp critical
    {
      cout << "Hello World from thread " << th_id << '\n';
    }
    #pragma omp barrier
 
    #pragma omp master
    {
      nthreads = omp_get_num_threads();
      cout << "There are " << nthreads << " threads" << '\n';
    }
  }
 
  return 0;
}

Fortran 77

      PROGRAM HELLO
      INTEGER ID, NTHRDS
      INTEGER OMP_GET_THREAD_NUM, OMP_GET_NUM_THREADS
C$OMP PARALLEL PRIVATE(ID)
      ID = OMP_GET_THREAD_NUM()
      PRINT *, 'HELLO WORLD FROM THREAD', ID
C$OMP BARRIER
      IF ( ID .EQ. 0 ) THEN
        NTHRDS = OMP_GET_NUM_THREADS()
        PRINT *, 'THERE ARE', NTHRDS, 'THREADS'
      END IF
C$OMP END PARALLEL
      END

Free form Fortran 90

 program hello90
 use omp_lib
 integer:: id, nthreads
   !$omp parallel private(id)
   id = omp_get_thread_num()
   write (*,*) 'Hello World from thread', id
   !$omp barrier
   if ( id == 0 ) then
     nthreads = omp_get_num_threads()
     write (*,*) 'There are', nthreads, 'threads'
   end if
   !$omp end parallel
 end program

Clauses in work-sharing constructs (in C/C++)

The application of some OpenMP clauses are illustrated in the simple examples in this section. The piece of code below updates the elements of an array "b" by performing a simple operation on the elements of an array "a". The parallelization is done by the OpenMP directive "#pragma omp". The scheduling of tasks is dynamic. Notice how the iteration counters "j" and "k" have to be made private, whereas the primary iteration counter "i" is private by default. The task of running through "i" is divided among multiple threads, and each thread creates its own versions of "j" and "k" in its execution stack, thus doing the full task allocated to it and updating the allocated part of the array "b" at the same time as the other threads.

 #define CHUNKSIZE 1 /*defines the chunk size as 1 contiguous iteration*/
 /*forks off the threads*/
 #pragma omp parallel private(j,k) 
 {
  /*Starts the work sharing construct*/
  #pragma omp for schedule(dynamic, CHUNKSIZE)
  for(i = 2; i <= N-1; i++)
     for(j = 2; j <= i; j++)
        for(k = 1; k <= M; k++)
           b[i][j] +=   a[i-1][j]/k + a[i+1][j]/k;
 }

The next piece of code is a common usage of the "reduction" clause to calculate reduced sums. Here, we add up all the elements of an array "a" with an "i" dependent weight using a for-loop which we parallelize using OpenMP directives and reduction clause. The scheduling is kept static.

 #define N 10000 /*size of a*/
 void calculate(long *); /*The function that calculates the elements of a*/
 int i;
 long w;
 long a[N];
 calculate(a);
 long sum = 0;
 /*forks off the threads and starts the work-sharing construct*/
 #pragma omp parallel for private(w) reduction(+:sum) schedule(static,1)
 for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
    {
      w = i*i;
      sum = sum + w*a[i];
    }
 printf("\n %li",sum);

An equivalent, less elegant, implementation of the above code is to create a local sum variable for each thread ("loc_sum"), and make a protected update of the global variable "sum" at the end of the process, through the directive "critical". Note that this protection is crucial, as explained elsewhere.

 ...
 long sum = 0, loc_sum = 0;
 /*forks off the threads and starts the work-sharing construct*/
 #pragma omp parallel for private(w,loc_sum) schedule(static,1) 
 {
   for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
     {
       w = i*i;
       loc_sum = loc_sum + w*a[i];
     }
   #pragma omp critical
   sum = sum + loc_sum;
 }
 printf("\n %li",sum);

Implementations

OpenMP has been implemented in many commercial compilers. For instance, Visual C++ 2005, 2008 and 2010 support it (in their Professional, Team System, Premium and Ultimate editions^[10][11][12]), as well as Intel Parallel Studio for various processors.^[13] Sun Studio compilers and tools support the latest OpenMP specifications with productivity enhancements for Solaris OS (UltraSPARC and x86/x64) and Linux platforms. The Fortran, C and C++ compilers from The Portland Group also support OpenMP 2.5. GCC has also supported OpenMP since version 4.2.

A few compilers have early implementation for OpenMP 3.0, including

• GCC 4.3.1
• Nanos compiler
• Intel Fortran and C/C++ versions 11.0 and 11.1 Compilers, Intel C/C++ and Fortran Composer XE 2011 and Intel Parallel Studio.
• IBM XL C/C++ Compiler^[14]

Sun Studio 12 update 1 has a full implementation of OpenMP 3.0.^[15]

Pros and cons

Pros

• Simple: need not deal with message passing as MPI does
• Data layout and decomposition is handled automatically by directives.
• Incremental parallelism: can work on one portion of the program at one time, no dramatic change to code is needed.
• Unified code for both serial and parallel applications: OpenMP constructs are treated as comments when sequential compilers are used.
• Original (serial) code statements need not, in general, be modified when parallelized with OpenMP. This reduces the chance of inadvertently introducing bugs.
• Both coarse-grained and fine-grained parallelism are possible

Cons

• Risk of introducing difficult to debug synchronization bugs and race conditions.^[16][17]
• Currently only runs efficiently in shared-memory multiprocessor platforms (see however Intel's Cluster OpenMP and other Distributed shared memory platforms).
• Requires a compiler that supports OpenMP.
• Scalability is limited by memory architecture.
• no support for compare-and-swap^[18]
• Reliable error handling is missing.
• Lacks fine-grained mechanisms to control thread-processor mapping.
• Can't be used on GPU
• High chance of accidentally writing false sharing code
• Multithreaded Executables often incur longer startup times so, they can actually run much slower than if compiled single-threaded, so, there needs to be a benefit to being multithreaded.
• Often multithreading is used when there is no benefit yet the downsides still exist.

Performance expectations

One might expect to get an N times speedup when running a program parallelized using OpenMP on a N processor platform. However, this is seldom the case due to the following reasons:

• A large portion of the program may not be parallelized by OpenMP, which means that the theoretical upper limit of speedup is limited according to Amdahl's law.
• N processors in a SMP may have N times the computation power, but the memory bandwidth usually does not scale up N times. Quite often, the original memory path is shared by multiple processors and performance degradation may be observed when they compete for the shared memory bandwidth.
• Many other common problems affecting the final speedup in parallel computing also apply to OpenMP, like load balancing and synchronization overhead.

In order to analyze the performance problems of OpenMP-based applications, Periscope, an online based performance analysis toolkit, is extended. Periscope will even pinpoint the performance problems of OpenMP 3.0, a task-based OpenMP applications. Several studies about the performance analysis of OpenMP applications are carried out by Shajulin et al.

Thread affinity

Some vendors recommend setting the processor affinity on OpenMP threads to associate them with particular processor cores.^[19][20][21] This minimizes thread migration and context-switching cost among cores. It also improves the data locality and reduces the cache-coherency traffic among the cores (or processors).

Benchmarks

There are some public domain OpenMP benchmarks for users to try.

• NAS parallel benchmark
• OpenMP validation suite
• OpenMP source code repository
• EPCC OpenMP Microbenchmarks

Learning resources online

• Tutorial on llnl.gov
• Reference/tutorial page on nersc.gov

See also

• Cilk and Intel Cilk Plus
• Message Passing Interface
• Concurrency
• Parallel computing
• Parallel programming model
• POSIX Threads
• Unified Parallel C
• X10 (programming language)
• Parallel Virtual Machine
• Bulk synchronous parallel
• Grand Central Dispatch - comparable technology for C, C++, and Objective-C by Apple
• Partitioned global address space
• GPGPU
• CUDA - NVIDIA
• AMD FireStream
• OpenCL - Standard supported by both NVIDIA and AMD/ATI

References

1. ^ http://openmp.org/wp/about-openmp/ About the OpenMP ARB and OpenMP.org
2. ^ http://openmp.org/wp/about-openmp/ About the OpenMP ARB and OpenMP.org
3. ^ http://openmp.org/wp/2011/07/openmp-31-specification-released/ OpenMP 3.1 Specification Released
4. ^ http://openmp.org/wp/openmp-compilers/ OpenMP Compilers
5. ^ http://openmp.org/wp/2008/10/openmp-tutorial-at-supercomputing-2008/ OpenMP Tutorial at Supercomputing 2008
6. ^ http://openmp.org/wp/2009/04/download-book-examples-and-discuss/ Using OpenMP - Portable Shared Memory Parallel Programming - Download Book Examples and Discuss
7. ^ http://openmp.org/wp/openmp-compilers/ OpenMP Compilers
8. ^ http://openmp.org/wp/about-openmp/ About the OpenMP ARB and OpenMP.org
9. ^ http://openmp.org/wp/2008/11/openmp-30-status/ OpenMP 3.0 Status
10. ^ Visual C++ Editions, Visual Studio 2005
11. ^ Visual C++ Editions, Visual Studio 2008
12. ^ Visual C++ Editions, Visual Studio 2010
13. ^ David Worthington , "Intel addresses development life cycle with Parallel Studio", SDTimes, 26 May 2009 (accessed 28 May 2009)
14. ^ "XL C/C++ for Linux Features", (accessed 9 June 2009)
15. ^ http://developers.sun.com/sunstudio/features/index.jsp
16. ^ Detecting and Avoiding OpenMP Race Conditions in C++
17. ^ Alexey Kolosov, Evgeniy Ryzhkov, Andrey Karpov 32 OpenMP traps for C++ developers
18. ^ Stephen Blair-Chappell, Intel Corporation, Becoming a Parallel Programming Expert in Nine Minutes, presentation on ACCU 2010 conference
19. ^ "Multi-Core Software". Intel. 2007-11-15. http://www.intel.com/technology/itj/2007/v11i4/8-video/4-methodology.htm. 
20. ^ "OMPM2001 Result". SPEC. 2008-01-28. http://www.spec.org/omp/results/res2008q1/omp2001-20080128-00288.html. 
21. ^ "OMPM2001 Result". SPEC. 2003-04-01. http://www.spec.org/omp/results/res2003q2/omp2001-20030401-00079.html. 

Further reading

• Quinn Michael J, Parallel Programming in C with MPI and OpenMP McGraw-Hill Inc. 2004. ISBN 0-07-058201-7
• R. Chandra, R. Menon, L. Dagum, D. Kohr, D. Maydan, J. McDonald, Parallel Programming in OpenMP. Morgan Kaufmann, 2000. ISBN 1-55860-671-8
• R. Eigenmann (Editor), M. Voss (Editor), OpenMP Shared Memory Parallel Programming: International Workshop on OpenMP Applications and Tools, WOMPAT 2001, West Lafayette, IN, USA, July 30–31, 2001. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer 2001. ISBN 3-540-42346-X
• B. Chapman, G. Jost, R. van der Pas, D.J. Kuck (foreword), Using OpenMP: Portable Shared Memory Parallel Programming. The MIT Press (October 31, 2007). ISBN 0-262-53302-2
• Parallel Processing via MPI & OpenMP, M. Firuziaan, O. Nommensen. Linux Enterprise, 10/2002
• MSDN Magazine article on OpenMP
• SC08 OpenMP Tutorial (PDF) - Hands-On Introduction to OpenMP, Mattson and Meadows, from SC08 (Austin)
• Comparing programmability of Open MP and pthreads
• OpenMP 3.0 Summary Card (PDF)
• Parallel Programming in Fortran 95 using OpenMP (PDF)

External links

• The official site for OpenMP includes the latest OpenMP specifications, links to resources, and a lively set of forums where questions about OpenMP can be asked and are answered by the experts and implementors.
• GOMP is GCC's OpenMP implementation, part of GCC
• IBM Octopiler with OpenMP support
• Blaise Barney, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory site on OpenMP
• ompca, an application in REDLIB project for the interactive symbolic model-checker of C/C++ programs with OpenMP directives