Future Air Navigation System

The world's Air Traffic Control system still uses components defined in the 1940s's following the 1944 meeting in Chicago which launched the creation of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). This traditional ATC system uses analog radio systems for aircraft Communications, Navigation & Surveillance (CNS).

In 1983, ICAO established the special committee on the Future Air Navigation System (FANS), charged with developing the operational concepts for the future of Air Traffic Management (ATM). The FANS report was published in 1988 and laid the basis for the industry's future strategy for ATM through digital CNS using satellites and data links. Work then started on the development of the technical standards needed to realise the FANS Concept.

In the early 1990s, the Boeing Company announced a first generation FANS product known as FANS-1. This was based on the early ICAO technical work for Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) and Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC), and implemented as a software package on the Flight Management Computer of the Boeing 747-400. It used existing satellite based ACARS communications (Inmarsat Data-2 service) and was targeted at operations in the South Pacific Oceanic region. The deployment of FANS-1 was originally justified by improving route choice and thereby reducing fuel burn.

A similar product (FANS-A) was later developed by Airbus for the A-340 and A-330. Boeing also extended the range of aircraft supported to include the Boeing 777 and 767. Together, the two products are collectively known as FANS-1/A. The main industry standards describing the operation of the FANS 1/A products are ARINC 622 and Eurocae ED-100/RTCA DO-258. Both the new Airbus A-380 and Boeing 787 have FANS 1/A capability.

ATC Services are now provided to FANS 1/A equipped aircraft in other Oceanic airspaces, such as the North Atlantic. However, although many of FANS-1/A's known deficencies with respect to its use in high density airspace were addressed in later versions of the product (FANS-1/A+), it has never been fully adopted for use in continental airspace. The ICAO work continued after FANS-1 was announced, and continued to develop the CNS/ATM concepts. The ICAO standard for CPDLC using the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN) is preferred for continental airspace and is currently being deployed in the core European Airspace by the EUROCONTROL Agency under the LINK2000+ Programme. Mandatory carriage of the ICAO compliant system is now the subject of an Implementing Rule (for aircraft flying above FL280) issued by the European Commission. This rule accommodates the use of FANS-1/A by long haul aircraft. All other airspace users must be ICAO compliant.

Several vendors provide ICAO ATN/CPDLC compliant products. The Airbus ICAO compliant product for the A-320 family is known as FANS-B. Both Rockwell Collins and Honeywell provide ICAO compliant products for Boeing aircraft, such as the Boeing 737 and 767, and the Boeing 787 will also support ICAO ATN/CPDLC compliant communications. The main standards describing the operation of ICAO compliant products are the ICAO Technical Manual ICAO Doc9705, Eurocae ED-110B/RTCA DO-280B and Eurocae ED-120/RTCA DO-290.

Background

Aircraft are operated using two major methods; Positive Control and Procedural Control. Positive Control is used in areas which have radar. The controller "sees" the airplanes in the control area and uses VHF voice to provide instructions to the flight crews to ensure separation. Because the position of the aircraft is updated frequently and VHF voice contact timely, separation standards (the distance one aircraft must be separated by another) is less. This is because the air traffic controller can recognize problems and issue corrective directions to multiple airplanes in a timely fashion. Separation standards are what determines the number of airplanes which can occupy a certain volume of airspace.

Procedural Control is used in areas (such as oceanic and landmasses) which do not have radar. The FANS concept was developed to improve the safety and efficiency of airplanes operating under Procedural Control. This methods uses time-based procedures to keep aircraft separated. The separation standard is determined by the accuracy of the reported positions, frequency of position reports, and timeliness of communication with respect to intervention. Non-FANS procedural separation uses Inertial Navigation Systems for position, flight crew voice reports of position (and time of next waypoint), and High Frequency radio for communication. The INS systems have error introduced by drifting after initial alignment. This error can approach 10 nmi. HF radio communication involves contacting an HF operator who then transcribes the message and sends it to the appropriate ATC Service Provider. Responses from the ATC Service Provider go to the HF radio operator who contacts the airplane. The voice quality of the connection is often poor leading to repeated messages. The HF radio operator can also get saturated with request for communication. This leads to procedures which keeps airplanes separated by as much as 100 nmi laterally, 10 minutes in trail, and 4000ft altitude. These procedures reduce the number of airplanes which can operate in a given airspace. If marketing demand pushes airlines to operate at the same time on a given route, this can lead to airspace congestion; an issue which is handled by delaying departures or separating the airplanes by altitude. The latter can lead to very inefficient operation.

ATC using FANS

The FANS concept involves improvements to Communication Navigation and Surveillance.

Communication improvements

This involved a transition from voice communications to digital communications. Specifically ACARS was used as the communication medium. This allowed other application improvements. An application was hosted on the airplane known as Controller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC). This allows the flight crew to select from a menu of standard ATC communications, send the message, and receive a response. A peer application exists on the ground for the Air Traffic Controller. They can select from a set of messages and send communications to the airplane. The flight crew will respond with a WILCO, STANDBY, or REJECT. The current standard for message delivery is under 60 seconds one way.

Navigation improvements

This involves a transition from Inertial Navigation to Satellite Navigation using the GPS satellites. This also introduced the concept of Actual Navigation Performance (ANP). Previously, flight crews would be notified of the system being used to calculate the position (radios, or inertial systems alone). Because of the deterministic nature of the GPS satellites (constellation geometry), the navigation systems can calculate the worst case error based on the number of satellites tuned and the geometry of those satellites. (Note: it can also characterize the potential errors in other navigation modes as well). So, the improvement not only provides the airplane with a much more accurate position, it also provides an alert to the flight crew should the actual navigation performance exceed the required navigation performance.

urveillance improvements

This involves the transition from voice reports (based on inertial position) to automatic digital reports. The application is known as ADS-C (Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Contract). In this system, an Air Traffic Controller can set up a contract with the airplane navigational system to automatically send a position report on a specified periodic basis (such as every 5 minutes). The controller can also set up deviation contracts which would automatically send a position report if a certain lateral deviation was exceeded. This contracts are set up between ATC and the aircraft systems. The flight crew has no workload associated with this set up.

FANS procedural control

The improvements to CNS allow new procedures which reduce the separation standards for FANS controlled airspace. In the South Pacific, they are targeting 30/30 (this is 30 nmi lateral and 30 nmi in trail). This makes a huge difference in airspace capacity.

History

ICAO

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) first developed the high level concepts starting with the initiation of the Special Committee on Future Air Navigation Systems in 1983. The final report was released in 1991 with a plan released in 1993.

Pacific engineering trials

FANS as we know it today had its beginning in 1991 with the Pacific Engineering Trials (PET). During these trials, airplanes installed applications in their ACARS units which would automatically report positions. These trials demonstrated the potential benefits to the airlines and airspace managers.

Implementation

United, Cathay Pacific, QANTAS, and Air New Zealand approached the Boeing Company in 1993 and requested that Boeing support the development of a FANS capability for the 747-400. Boeing worked with the airline to develop a standard which would control the interface between FANS capable airplanes and air traffic service providers. The development of the FANS capable aircraft systems proceeded simultaneously with the ATC Ground System improvements necessary to make it work. These improvements were developed and certified (using a QANTAS airplane) on June 20, 1995.

While these concepts originated with ICAO, the first implementations came from the jetliner manufacturers Boeing and Airbus. Boeing's implementation is called FANS-1 and Airbus's is called FANS-A. Airbus subsequently came out with some enhancments to FANS-A, to give FANS-A+. Both companies are working on a further evolution, namely Boeing on FANS-2 and Airbus on FANS-B. Various ground systems have been built, mainly by ATC organisations, to interoperate with FANS-1/A as the combination is known.

FANS interoperability team

The FANS Interoperability Team (FIT) was initiated in the South Pacific in 1998. The purpose of this team is to monitor the performance of the end-to-end system, identify problems, assign problems and assure they are solved. The members include airframe manufacturers, avionics suppliers, communication service providers, and air navigation service providers. Since this time, other regions have initiated FIT groups.

Milestones

On June 20, 1995, a Qantas B747-400 (VH-OJQ) became the first aircraft to certify Future Air Navigation System (FANS-1) by Remote Type Certification (RTC) in Sydney Australia. It was followed by the first commercial flight from Sydney to Los Angeles on June 21. QF certified the RR FANS-1 package, ANZ and UAL certified the GE and PW FANS-1 package respectively.

On May 24, 2004, a Boeing Business Jet completed the first North Atlantic flight by a business jet equipped with the Future Air Navigation System (FANS). The airplane touched down at the European Business Aviation Convention and Exhibition in Geneva, Switzerland. The non-stop eight-hour, 4,000-nautical-mile flight originating from Gary/Chicago International Airport in Gary, Indiana, was part of a North Atlantic Traffic trial conducted by the FANS Central Monitoring Agency (FCMA).

These two milestones represent the certification and test flight using FANS.

External links

* [http://members.optusnet.com.au/~cjr/introduction.htm FANS-1/A Introduction] .
* [http://www.overlookci.com/FANS_index.htm FANS Information Page]