Right-to-work law

Right-to-work laws are statutes enforced in twenty-two U.S. states, mostly in the southern or western U.S., allowed under provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act, which prohibit agreements between trade unions and employers making membership or payment of union dues or "fees" a condition of employment, either before or after hiring.

The Taft-Hartley Act

Prior to the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act by Congress over President Harry S. Truman's veto in 1947, unions and employers covered by the National Labor Relations Act could lawfully agree to a "closed shop," in which employees at unionized workplaces are required to be members of the union as a condition of employment. Under the law in effect before the Taft-Hartley amendments, an employee who ceased being a member of the union for whatever reason, from failure to pay dues to expulsion from the union as an internal disciplinary punishment, could also be fired even if the employee did not violate any of the employer's rules.

The Taft-Hartley Act outlawed the "closed shop." The Act, however, permitted employers and unions to operate under a "union shop" rule, which required all new employees to join the union after a minimum period after their hire. Under "union shop" rules, employers are obliged to fire any employees who have avoided paying membership dues necessary to maintain membership in the union; however, the union cannot demand that the employer discharge an employee who has been expelled from membership for any other reason.

A similar arrangement to the “union shop” is the “agency shop,” under which employees must pay the equivalent of union dues, but need not formally join such union.

Section 14(b) of the Taft-Hartley Act goes further and authorizes individual states (but not local governments, such as cities or counties) to outlaw the union shop and agency shop for employees working in their jurisdictions. Under the "open shop" rule, an employee cannot be compelled to join or pay the equivalent of dues to a union, nor can the employee be fired if he or she joins the union. In other words, the employee has the right to work, regardless of whether he or she is a member or financial contributor to such a union.

The Federal Government operates under "open shop" rules nationwide, although many of its employees are represented by unions. Conversely, professional sports leagues (regardless of where a team is located) operate under "agency shop" rules. [http://www.nflpa.org/pdfs/Agents/CBA_Amended_2006.pdf Art. V, Sec. 1]

Twenty-eight states do not have right-to-work laws. If no union is formed in an employee's workplace the lack of a right-to-work law does not mean an employee has to join a union. The provisions in right to work laws, as in South Dakota's for example, can give the state Attorney General power to investigate allegations against unions.

Arguments for and against

Arguments for

Proponents of right-to-work laws point to the Constitutional right to freedom of association, as well as the common-law principle of private ownership of property. They argue that workers should be free both to join unions and to refrain from joining unions, and for this reason often refer to non-right-to-work states as "forced-union" states. They contend that it is wrong for unions to be able to force employers to include clauses in their union contracts which require all employees to either join the union, or pay union dues as a condition of employment. Furthermore, they contend that in certain cases forced union dues are used to support political causes, causes which many union members may oppose.

Proponents also argue that right-to-work states experience higher economic growth and job creation than do non-right to work law states. For example, in recent years all of the new auto factories have been located in right to work states. Moreover, they contend right-to-work states typically have lower unemployment rates. [ [http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx?ID=8951 Unemployment Rates [Mackinac Center for Public Policy ] ]

A March 3, 2008 editorial in "The Wall Street Journal" compared Ohio to Texas and examined why "Texas is prospering while Ohio lags". According to the editorial, during the previous decade, while Ohio lost 10,400 jobs, Texas created 1,615,000 new jobs. The article cites several reasons for the economic expansion in Texas, including the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the absence of a state income tax, and right-to-work laws. [ [http://online.wsj.com/public/article_print/SB120450306595906431.html Texas v. Ohio] , "The Wall Street Journal", March 3, 2008. Accessed July 18, 2008.]

Ohio's most crippling handicap may be that its politicians — and thus its employers — are still in the grip of such industrial unions as the United Auto Workers. Ohio is a "closed shop" state, which means workers can be forced to join a union whether they wish to or not. Many companies — especially foreign-owned — say they will not even consider such locations for new sites. States with "right to work" laws that make union organizing more difficult had twice the job growth of Ohio and other forced union states from 1995–2005, according to the National Institute for Labor Relations. [The National Institute for Labor Relations is a non-profit organization dedicated to "exposing the inequities of compulsory unionism." [http://www.nilrr.org/about National Institute for Labor Relations] , Accessed October 4, 2008.]

Arguments against

Business interests led by the Chamber of Commerce lobbied extensively for right-to-work legislation in the southern states. [http://www.ipspr.sc.edu/grs/SCCEP/Articles/interest_groups_in_south_carolin.htm "The South Carolina Governance Project — Interest Groups in South Carolina,"] "Center for Governmental Services, Institute for Public Service and Policy Research, University of South Carolina", Accessed July 6, 2007. blockquote|South Carolina has long been one of the least unionized states in the nation. In 2000 the state ranked 49th with 4 percent unionized, only slightly ahead of North Carolina. As a result, organized labor has relatively less clout in the state than in most other states. One of the main goals of powerful business groups such as the Chamber of Commerce has been to keep labor unions out of the state, and they have been quite successful in their efforts. A major tool in weakening efforts to unionize the labor force has been the "right-to-work" laws, passed more than 40 years ago. These laws outlaw the "closed shop," which would force all workers to join a union when a majority of workers vote to be represented by the union. The idea behind the closed shop is to prevent what is called "free riders," that is, workers who benefit from union contracts without having to pay to support the union efforts.blockquote|Even public employee unions, which, unlike private sector unions, have been growing nationally, are limited in South Carolina. State government does not engage in collective bargaining with public employees and prohibits strikes. S.C. Code (Section 8-11-33) only allows dues for the State Troopers' Association and State Employees' Association to be withheld in paychecks if they do not engage in collective bargaining or encourage members to strike. The simultaneous strikes by public school teachers and university professors in Hawaii in the spring of 2001 that ultimately led to double digit pay increases simply could not take place in South Carolina.] [Berkeley Miller and William Canak, (1991) [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0019-7939(199101)44%3A2%3C349%3AF%22T%22TP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M "From "Porkchoppers" to "Lambchoppers": The Passage of Florida's Public Employee Relations Act,"] "Industrial and Labor Relations Review", Vol. 44, No. 2; pp. 349–366.] [Dane M. Partridge, (1997) [http://www.springerlink.com/content/x28j2081194442rm/ "Virginia's New Ban on Public Employee Bargaining: A Case Study of Unions, Business, and Political Competition,"] "Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal", Volume 10, Number 2; pp. 127–139.] [William Canak and Berkeley Miller, (1990) [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0019-7939(199001)43%3A2%3C258%3AGPUBAL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E "Gumbo Politics: Unions, Business, and Louisiana Right-to-Work Legislation,"] "Industrial and Labor Relations Review", Vol. 43, No. 2; pp. 258–271.] Opponents argue right-to-work laws create a free-rider problem, in which non-union employees (who are bound by the terms of the union contract even though they are not members of the union) benefit from collective bargaining without paying union dues. They also contend outlawing compulsory union dues makes union activities less sustainable, that the laws prevent free contracts between unions and business owners, and that this makes it harder for unions to organize and less attractive for people to join a union Fact|date=October 2008. For these reasons, they often refer to right-to-work states as "right-to-fire" states, and "non-right-to-work" states as "free collective bargaining" states.

Critics from organized labor have argued since the late 1970s [http://www.library.gsu.edu/dlib/iam/getBrandedPDF.asp?issue_id=1883 "Examining the opposition's tangled web — the who's who in the right wing"] "The Machinist", published by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, AFL-CIO/CLC, October 1977, Accessed February 4, 2008.] that while the National Right to Work Committee purports to engage in grass-roots lobbying on behalf of the "little guy", the National Right to Work Committee was formed by a group of southern businessmen with the express purpose of fighting unions, and that they "added a few workers for the purpose of public relations." [http://www.uawlocal3520.org/right%20to%20workfliner.pdf "Questions and Answers about the National Right to Work Committee and the National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation,"] "United Auto Workers", Accessed February 3, 2008.] They also argue that the National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation has received millions of dollars in grants from foundations controlled by major U.S. industrialists like the New York based John M. Olin Foundation, Inc. which grew out of a family manufacturing business, [ [http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipientgrants.php?1128 "National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation,"] "Media Transparency", Accessed July 24, 2007.] [ [http://www.mediatransparency.org/funderprofile.php?funderID=7 "John M. Olin Foundation, Inc.,"] "Media Transparency", Accessed July 24, 2007.] and other right wing groups.

Opponents further argue that because unions are weakened by these laws, wages are lowered and worker safety and health is endangered. They cite statistics from the United States Department of Labor showing, for example, that in 2003 the rate of workplace fatalities per 100,000 workers was highest in right-to-work states. Nineteen of the top 25 states for worker fatality rates were right-to-work states, while 3 of the bottom 25 states were right-to-work states Fact|date=October 2008.

Right to work laws can also be argued against on the basis of libertarian principles, as a government interference in labour relations [ [http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig7/platform.html#uniocoll 2004 Platform of Libertarian Party] ] [ [http://www.nathannewman.org/log/archives/001409.shtml Dean & Libertarians Hate "Right to Work" Laws] ] . However, some libertarians say just the opposite. [ [http://www.lppa.org/index.php?/content/archivecategory/2003/01/1/ Pennsylvania Libertarian Party] accessed January 3, 2008] [ [http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1997/vp970519/05190053.htm Virginia Pilot article] accessed January 3, 2008] [ [http://www.wrongformichigan.org/DocumentLibrary/UofMReport.pdf University of Michigan report] accessed January 3, 2008] [ [http://ga.lp.org/platform_II.html Georgian Libertarian Party Platform] accessed January 3, 2008]

U.S. states with right-to-work laws

The following 22 states are right-to-work states:
* Alabama
* Arizona — (established by state's Constitution, not by statute)
* Arkansas — (established by state's Constitution, not by statute)
* Florida — (established by state's Constitution, not by statute)
* Georgia
* Idaho
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Louisiana
* Mississippi
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Oklahoma — (established by state's constitution, not by statute)
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Virginia
* Wyoming

The territory of Guam also has right-to-work laws. Colorado has a ballot initiative for right to work that will be considered in the 2008 elections.

ee also

* At-will employment

References

External links

Supporting "right-to-work" laws

* [http://www.nrtw.org National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation]
* [http://www.right-to-work.org National Right to Work Committee]
* [http://www.nilrr.org National Institute for Labor Relations Research]
* [http://right-to-work-laws.johnwcooper.com Effects of Right to Work Laws on Employees, Unions and Businesses]

Opposed to "right-to-work" laws

* [http://www.wrongformichigan.org Right To Work Is Wrong For Michigan]
* [http://www.stateaction.org/issues/issue.cfm?issue=RightToWorkForLess.xml Center for Policy Alternatives: Right to Work—For Less]
* [http://www.fairwage.org/ www.fairwage.org — Grassroots campaign to repeal the Idaho Right-to-work Law]
* [http://www.badforindiana.org/ Bad for Indiana — www.badforindiana.org — A grassroots effort to stop the right-to-work campaign in Indiana.]
* [http://www.miaflcio.org/RapidResponse/RightToWork/index.htm The Michigan AFL-CIO: Key Points on Right-to-Work in Michigan.]