Aylmer and Louise Maude

Aylmer Maude (28 March1858 – 25 August1938) and Louise Maude (1855–1939) were English translators of Tolstoy's work, and Aylmer Maude also wrote his friend Tolstoy's biography. After living many years in Russia the Maudes spent the rest of their life in England translating Tolstoy's writing and promoting public interest in his work. Aylmer Maude was also involved in a number of early 20th century progressive and idealistic causes.

Family & Russia

Aylmer Maude was born in Ipswich, the son of a Church of England clergyman, Reverend F.H. Maude, [Francis Henry Maude born Cape of Good Hope 1822, died Aldeburgh, Suffolk 1886, long-time vicar at Holy Trinity Church, Ipswich ] and his wife Lucy, who came from a Quaker background. [Lucy Thorp married F.H.Maude in 1846 in Lancashire] The family lived near the newly-built Holy Trinity Church where Rev. Maude’s preaching helped draw a large congregation. A few of the vicar’s earlier sermons were published with stirring titles like "Nineveh: A Warning to England!", but later he moved from Evangelical Anglicanism towards the Anglo-Catholic Church Union.

After boarding at Christ's Hospital from 1868 to 1874, Aylmer went to study at the Moscow Lyceum from 1874 to 1876, and was a tutor there between 1877 and 1880. Meanwhile he got to know the thriving British community in Moscow, was involved in their amateur dramatics and debating, and played a great deal of chess. One of his chess partners, Archibald Mirrielees, employed him to manage the carpet department at the Scots-owned department store, Muir & Mirrielees. This led to Maude becoming business manager and then director of the Anglo-Russian Carpet Company. Despite this position he “rejected the business ethos” of his British compatriots, took a thoughtful interest in Russian society, and has been described as the only “important intermediary between the two cultures” at that time. [Pitcher]

Louise Maude was born Louise Shanks in Moscow, one of the six children of James Stewart Shanks [Born c1824, sometimes referred to as James Stuart Shanks] , partner in a jewellery business and its "Magasin Anglais" (English store). Two of Louise’s sisters were artists: Mary [Mary Shanks, Maria Yakovlevna Shanks or Шанкс Мария Яковлевна born c1870 and mentioned in [http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&q=+site%3Aaz.lib.ru+%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81+&btnG=Search&meta= Tolstoy’s letters] ] knew Tolstoy and prepared illustrations for "Where Love is, God is", and Emily was a painter associated with the Peredvizhniki. Louise married Aylmer Maude in 1884 in an Anglican ceremony at the British vice-consulate in Moscow, and they had five sons, one of them still-born.

Aylmer Maude met Tolstoy in 1888, introduced to him by Peter Alekseyev [ [http://feb-web.ru/feb/tolstoy/critics/l2c/l2c2045-.htm Peter Semenovich Alekseyev 1849–1913] , a [http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-513431-1 Russian temperance campaigner] ] , a doctor married to Maude's sister Lucy. [Lucy Maude, born 1854 Ipswich, married 1878 London] Maude was a frequent visitor, an admirer and friend, playing tennis and chess, enjoying long discussions, but not always agreeing with the great writer 30 years his senior. Tolstoy made return visits, getting to know Louise and the family, even showing the boys how to make "paper cockerels". ["Recollections of Tolstoy" quoted in DNB and Pitcher] After the Maudes settled in England, Tolstoy and Aylmer Maude kept up a regular correspondence, with Maude making occasional trips to Russia to see Tolstoy at his Yasnaya Polyana estate. During his 1902 visit Tolstoy authorised Maude to write his biography.

From 1897: England & travel

Many of the British business people in late 19th century Russia prospered and were able to plan for early retirement; Aylmer Maude gave up his trading career before he reached 40. He, Louise, and family arrived in England in 1897 ready to live a different kind of life. At first the family stayed a short time in Croydon with the Brotherhood Church, a Tolstoyan group believing in co-operative ideals and non-violence. Their next home was in Essex at Wickham's Farm in Bicknacre, associated with the adjacent Brotherhood Church commune at Cock Clarks, Purleigh which they helped establish and to which they gave financial support [Dyck] until it came to an end in 1899. At least two of their sons went to the Friends (Quaker) school at Saffron Walden. [1901 census]

In 1898 Maude sailed from Liverpool to Quebec with representatives of the Doukhobors, a group supported by Tolstoy, who were persecuted in Russia for their beliefs and wanted to resettle in Canada. He confessed to the "un-Tolstoyan self-indulgence" of arranging a first-class cabin for himself. Maude wrote about this journey and the Doukhobors in "A Peculiar People" (1904).

The Maudes soon moved to Great Baddow [First at Bancroft House, then Ladywell House] near Chelmsford where they were members of the Fabian Society and co-operative movement. Aylmer was on the Fabian national executive from 1907-1912, lectured for the society, and wrote one of their pamphlets in association with Bernard Shaw. His lecturing talents included a "pleasing smile, manly and unruffled demeanour" and a "beautiful voice" according to the writer William Loftus Hare, who also described him as a "lucid, confident, instructive, persuasive" speaker. [ "The Times" 27 August 1938]

Some years after leaving Wickham’s Farm, Maude would express doubts about communal living, feeling it could only succeed with a strong leader or shared traditions, and he called the Purleigh commune a "queer colony". [ "A Peculiar People"] "The really sad part of the Tolstoy movement was the terrible amount of quarrelling . . ." ["Life of Tolstoy - the Later Years"]

While Aylmer Maude did not stick rigidly to a Tolstoyan set of ideas, and was associated with a variety of causes and campaigns, he never wavered in his admiration of Tolstoy, even when he held different views: [DNB] ". . .though Tolstoy is sincere and wise, he, like all mortals, makes mistakes. . ." ["Life of Tolstoy - the Later Years"]

In 1913 Maude was in Hampstead lodging in the household of Marie Stopes and her first husband. There was probably a "flirtatious friendship" between Stopes and Maude [DNB and others] , but there is no hint of this in Maude's books, "The Authorised Life of Marie C. Stopes" (1924) or "Marie Stopes: her work and play" (1933). Stopes' campaign to make contraception freely available to married women was another cause supported by Maude. [Margaret Sanger cited him as one of several "eminent authorities" from Britain in her petition to Woodrow Wilson on the subject.]

Maude travelled to Archangel (now Arkhangelsk) in Russia with the British North Russian Expeditionary Force [DNB] in 1918, acting as interpreter and liaison officer, and lecturing while there for the Universities' Committee of the YMCA to both Russian- and English-speakers, to both civilian and military audiences. [ [http://lib.leeds.ac.uk Leeds University] and "The Times"] The 60-year-old lecturer found himself under fire from "Bolsheviki" ["New York Times" 16 July 1919] , but was more interested in ideas than fighting. Later he suggested that "world statesmen" faced with the Russian revolution had "missed an opportunity to make the world 'safe for democracy'". ["The Times"1921]

During their later years, the Maudes were occupied with preparing a comprehensive edition of Tolstoy's works. Their private resources were dwindling, but Aylmer Maude was granted a Civil List pension for services to literature in 1932. His death in 1938, aged 80, brought newspaper headlines like "Authority on Tolstoy" and "Friend of Tolstoy". Louise died the following year.

Literary activities

To a large extent, it was Louise who worked on Tolstoy's fiction, and Aylmer who tackled his philosophical writing. [DNB] The "retired carpet manufacturer" [1901 census] brought out a translation of "What is Art?" in 1899, while Louise’s translation of "Resurrection" was published in 1900 by the Brotherhood Publishing Company. Some of their work was published by the OUP World Classics Series, but they also used the smaller firm of Grant Richards, and Constable published Aylmer Maude's two volume "Life of Tolstoy" in 1908 and 1910.

Aylmer Maude handled most of the practical affairs related to publication, corresponding often with George Herbert Perris [George Herbert Perris (1866-1920), a peace campaigner and member of the Society of Friends of Russian Freedom, who met Tolstoy and agreed with many of his ideas.(DNB)] and Charles F. Cazenove at the Literary Agency in London to discuss publishers, funding and other business. [ [http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/spcoll/handlists/051MS553Maude.pdf Leeds Univ] ] His prolific correspondence included not only letters to friends, and lobbying letters for causes he supported, but also letters to correct details in newspaper reviews: the Maudes disapproved of the "French" spelling Tolstoi, for instance. ["The Scotsman"]

Maude wanted to publish a complete collected works of Tolstoy and enlisted his friends and acquaintances to help campaign for funding and support. There were many competing editions of the more popular works, some of them "very incompetent", according to Bernard Shaw, since Tolstoy had waived his rights over translation. Shaw wrote to "The Times" asking readers to support the project by "spontaneously giving it the privileges of a copyright edition" and "subscribing for complete sets", to make up for the “miscarriage of Tolstoy’s public-spirited intentions". Shaw’s signature was followed by many more, including literary figures like Arnold Bennett, Arthur Conan Doyle, Gilbert Murray and H. G. Wells. Thomas Hardy added his own independent letter, offering support though he did not feel equipped to comment on all the points in the main letter. ["The Times" 29 April 1922] After a protesting letter from an admirer of Constance Garnett’s translations, the correspondence continued, with Maude asserting that "Tolstoy authorized my wife’s translation" of "Resurrection", and Shaw insisting on the need for a complete collected works, going beyond the "great novels" which were "sure to get themselves translated everywhere", since other translators had "picked the plums out of the pudding". He went on to compare Maude’s "devoted relation" to Tolstoy with that of Ibsen’s translator William Archer, or Wagner’s Ashton Ellis.

The Oxford University Press "Centenary Edition" of Tolstoy came out in 21 volumes [ 19 of translation, 2 of biography] between 1928 and 1937, with the complete collection available at "9 guineas the set". [ "The Scotsman" 7th June 1937]

Both husband and wife lived to see the final volume of the collected works published the year before Aylmer Maude's death. Their work was thought to be of high quality in their lifetime, and this opinion still has wide support. An April 2006 review in "The Atlantic" quotes the translator Anthony Briggs, who, while explaining the value of his own fresh approach, nevertheless singles out "Louise and Aylmer Maude as 'the masters'" and reminds us of "Tolstoy’s own assessment of their work: 'Better translators … could not be invented.' " [ [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/200604/tolstoy Mona Simpson,"Found in Translation?"] ]

ee also

* Whiteway Colony — Aylmer Maude was the head of the founding board of directors

References

*Fred Burningham, [http://www.waterfrontchurches.org "Holy Trinity Church – a Brief History"] (1985)
*Harvey L Dyck (ed), "The Pacifist Impulse in Historical Perspective" (1996)
*Harvey J Pitcher, "The Smiths of Moscow" (1984)
*"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
*"The Times"
*Birth and marriage records and English censuses
*British Library catalogue
*Leeds University Russian Collection catalogue

External links

*
*
* [http://www.tsum.ru/en/about/history/1885/ Muir & Mirrielees]
* [http://www.thebrotherhoodchurch.org/history.htm Brotherhood Church]
* [http://www.gelos.ru/english/news/news0013.shtml Russian silver]
* [http://homepages.primex.co.uk/~lesleyah/jrose.htm Marie Stopes and Maude]
* [http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/spcoll/handlists/051MS553Maude.pdf Maude's letters to his agents]
* [http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/c/10741558full.php Charles William Daniel Company Archives]
* [http://www.standrewsmoscow.org/history/history00.php History of St. Andrew’s Church in Moscow and the British community]
* [http://www.lib.sfu.ca/cgi-bin/edocs/Doukhobor-Collection?Display=166 "A Peculiar people"]