Chittorgarh Fort

Chittorgarh Fort
Part of Chittorgarh
Rajasthan, India
A view of Chittorgarh Fort
Type	Fort, Palace & Temples
Coordinates	24°53′11″N 74°38′49″E / 24.8863°N 74.647°E / 24.8863; 74.647Coordinates: 24°53′11″N 74°38′49″E / 24.8863°N 74.647°E / 24.8863; 74.647
Built	7th century
Built by	Rajputs of Mewar (Sisodias of the Guhilots)
Construction materials	Granite Stones
Current condition	Ruined Citadel
Open to the public	Yes
Controlled by	Government of Rajasthan
Occupants	Maurya dynasty, Bappa Rawal, Hammir Singh, Rana Sanga, Rana Kumbha and Rana Udai Singh II
Battles/wars	Mewar Kings against Allauddin Khilji in 1303 AD, Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Gujarat in 1535 AD & Emperor Akbar in 1568 AD

Chittorgarh Fort (Hindi/Rajasthani: चित्तौड दुर्ग Chittorgarh Durg) is the largest fort in India and the grandest in the state of Rajasthan. The fort, plainly known as Chittor, was the capital of Mewar and is today situated several kilometres by road south of Bhilwara. It was ruled initially by Guhilot and later by Sisodias, the Suryavanshi clans of Chattari Rajputs, from 7th century, until it was finally abandoned in 1568 after the siege by Emperor Akbar in 1567. It sprawls majestically over a hill 180 m (590.6 ft) in height spread over an area of 280 ha (691.9 acres) above the plains of the valley drained by the Berach River. The fort precinct with an evocative history is studded with a series of historical palaces, gates, temples and two prominent commemoration towers. These monumental ruins have inspired the imagination of tourists and writers for centuries.^[1][2][3]

The fort was sacked three times between 15th and 16th centuries; in 1303 Allauddin Khilji defeated Rana Ratan Singh, in 1535 Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat defeated Bikramjeet Singh and in 1567 Emperor Akbar defeated Maharana Udai Singh II who left the fort and founded Udaipur. Each time the men fought bravely rushing out of the fort walls charging the enemy but lost every time. Following these defeats, Jauhar was committed thrice by more than 13,000 ladies and children of the Rajput heroes who laid their lives in battles at Chittorgarh Fort, first led by Rani Padmini wife of Rana Rattan Singh who was killed in the battle in 1303, and later by Rani Karnavati in 1537 AD.^[1][2][4]

Thus, the fort represents the quintessence of tribute to the nationalism, courage, medieval chivalry and sacrifice exhibited by the Mewar rulers of Sisodia and their kinsmen and women and children, between the 7th century and 16th century. The rulers, their soldiers, the women folk of royalty and the commoners considered death as a better option than dishonor in the face of surrender to the foreign invading armies.^[1][4]

Geography

Chittorgarh, located in the southern part of the state of Rajasthan, 112 km (69.6 mi) from Ajmer, midway between Delhi and Mumbai on the National Highway 8 (India) in the road network of Golden Quadrilateral. Chittorgarh is situated where National Highways No. 76 & 79 intersect.

The fort raises abruptly above the surrounding plains and is spread over an area of 2.8 km² (1.1 sq mi). The highest elevation at the fort is 1,075 m (3,526.9 ft).^{[citation needed]} It is situated on the left bank of the Berach river (a tributary of the Banas River) and is linked to the new town of Chittorgarh (known as the 'Lower Town') developed in the plains after 1568 AD when the fort was deserted following Udai Singh II's fleeing to Udaipur after Emperor Akbar attacked and sacked this fort. A winding hill road of more than 1 km (0.6 mi) length from the new town leads to the west end main gate, called Ram Pol, of the fort. Within the fort, a circular road provides access to all the gates and monuments located within the fort walls.^[1][2][5][6]

The fort that once boasted of 84 water bodies has only 22 of them now. These water bodies are fed by natural catchment and rainfall, and have a combined storage of 4 billion litres that could meet the water needs of an army of 50,000. The supply could last for four years. These water bodies are in the form of ponds, wells and step wells.^[7]

History

Left:A Painting of the Fort, 1857. Right:Oil painting of Padmini's palace in the fort in the midst of the tank.

Photo from the same place in 2010

Chittorgarh Fort is considered to be the largest fort of India in terms of area. It is stated that the fort was constructed by the Mauryans during the 7th century AD and hence derives its name after the Mauryan ruler, Chitrangada Mori as per inscriptions on coins of the period. Historical records show Chittorgarh fort as the capital of Mewar for 834 years.^{[citation needed]} It was established in 734 AD by Bappa Rawal, founder ruler in the hierarchy of the Sisodia rulers of Mewar. It is also said that the fort was gifted to Bappa Rawal as part of Solanki princess’s dowry in the 8th century.^{[citation needed]} The fort was looted and destroyed at the hands of Emperor Akbar in 1568 AD and subsequently never resettled but only refurbished in 1905 AD. Three important battles were fought for control of the fort; in 1303, Ala-ud-din Khilji besieged the fort; in 1535, Sultan of Gujarat Bahadur Shah besieged the fort; and in 1568, Mughal Emperor Akbar attacked the fort.^{[citation needed]} Not that there were only defeats at the fort. Excluding the periods of siege, the fort had always remained in possession of the Sisodias of the Guhilot (or Gehlot/Guhila) clan of Rajputs, who descended from Bappa Rawal. There were also success stories of establishment of the fort and its reconstruction after every siege, before it was finally abandoned in 1568, all of which are narrated.^[1][2][6]

Chittor is cited in the Mahabharat epic. It is said that Bhima, the second of the Pandava brothers of Epic Mahabaharata fame, known for his mighty strength gave a powerful hit with his fist to the ground that resulted in water springing up to form a large reservoir. It is called Bhimlat kund, an artificial tank named after Bhima. Folk legend also mentions that Bhima started building the fort.^[1][5]

Bappa Rawal

The earliest history linked to the Bappa Rawal's fort is that of the Huna Kingdom of Sialkot (of Mihir Kula 515-540 AD) that was destroyed by Yashodharman. This was subsequently seized by a new dynasty of kshatriyas called Tak or Taxaka. According to historians, the Taxak Mori were the lords of Chittor from a very early period. After a few generations, the Guhilots supplanted them. From 725 to 735 AD, there were numerous defenders who appear to have considered the cause of Chittor their own, the Tak from Asirgarh. This race appears to have retained possession of Asirgarh for at least two centuries after this event and one of its chieftain Bappa Rawal was the most conspicuous leader in the lineage of Prithvi Raj. In the poems of Chandar he is called the "Standard, bearer, Tak of Asir." ^[8]

Siege of 1303

Ala ud din Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, rallied his forces against Mewar, in 1303 AD. The Chittorgarh fort was till then considered impregnable and grand, atop a natural hill. But his immediate reason for invading the fort was his obsessive desire to capture Rani Padmini, the unrivalled beautiful queen of Rana Ratan Singh and take her into his harem. The Rana, out of politeness, allowed the Khilji to view Padmini through a set of mirrors. But this viewing of Padmini further fired Khilji’s desire to possess her. After the viewing, as a gesture of courtesy, when the Rana accompanied the Sultan to the outer gate, he was treacherously captured. Khilji conveyed to the queen that the Rana would be released only if she agreed to join his harem. But the queen had other plans. She agreed to go to his camp if permitted to go in a Royal style with an entourage, in strict secrecy. Instead of her going, she sent 700 well armed soldiers disguised in litters and they rescued the Rana and took him to the fort.^{[citation needed]} But Khilji chased them to the fort where a fierce battle ensued at the outer gate of the fort in which the Rajput soldiers were overpowered and the Rana was killed. Khilji won the battle on August 26, 1303.^{[citation needed]} Soon thereafter, instead of surrendering to the Sultan, the royal Rajput ladies led by Rani Padmini preferred to die through the Rajput’s ultimate tragic rite of Jauhar (self immolation on a pyre). In revenge, Khilji killed thirty thousand Hindus.^{[citation needed]} He entrusted the fort to his son Khizr Khan to rule and renamed the fort as 'Khizrabad'. He also showered gifts on his son by way of

a red canopy, a robe embroidered with gold and two standards one green and the other black and threw upon him rubies and emeralds.

He returned to Delhi after the fierce battle at the fort.^[9]

Rana Hammir and successors

Khizr Khan’s rule at the fort lasted till 1311 AD and due to the pressure of Rajputs he was forced to entrust power to the Sonigra chief Maldeva who held the fort for 7 years. Hammir Singh, usurped control of the fort from Maldeva by “treachery and intrigue” and Chittor once again regained its past glory. Hammir, before his death in 1364 AD, had converted Mewar into a fairly large and prosperous kingdom. The dynasty (and clan) fathered by him came to be known by the name Sisodia after the village where he was born. His son Ketra Singh succeeded him and ruled with honour and power. Ketra Singh’s son Lakha who ascended the throne in 1382 AD also won several wars. His famous grandson Rana Kumbha came to the throne in 1433 AD and by that time the Muslim rulers of Malwa and Gujarat had acquired considerable clout and were keen to usurp the powerful Mewar state.^[10]

Rana Kumbha and clan

Ganesh statue at Chittorgarh Fort

There was resurgence during the reign of Rana Kumbha in the 15th century. Rana Kumbha, also known as Maharana Kumbhakarna, son of Rana Mokal, ruled Mewar between 1433 AD and 1468 AD. He is credited with building up the Mewar kingdom assiduously as a force to reckon with. He built 32 forts (84 fortresses formed the defense of Mewar) including one in his own name, called Kumbalgarh. But his end came in 1468 AD at the hands of his own son Rana Udaysimha (Uday Singh I) who assassinated him to gain the throne of Mewar. This patricide act was not appreciated by the people of Mewar and consequently his brother Rana Raimal assumed the reins of power in 1473.^{[citation needed]} After his death in May 1509, Sangram Singh (also known as Rana Sanga), his youngest son, became the ruler of Mewar, which brought in a new phase in the history of Mewar. Rana Sanga, with support from Medini Rao (a Rajput chief), fought a valiant battle against Mughal emperor Babar at Kanwa in 1527. He ushered in a period of prestige to Chittor by defeating the rulers of Gujarat and also effectively interfered in the matters of Idar. He also won small areas of the Delhi territory. In the ensuing battle with Ibrahim Lodi, Rana won and acquired some districts of Malwa. He also defeated the combined might of Sultan Muzaffar of Gujarat and the Sultan of Malwa. By 1525 AD, Rana Sanga had developed Chittor and Mewar, by virtue of great intellect, valour and his sword, into a formidable military state.^[5][10] But in a decisive battle that was fought against Babar on March 16, 1527, the Rajput army of Rana Sanga suffered a terrible defeat and Sanga escaped to one of his fortresses. But soon thereafter in another attack on the Chanderi fort the valiant Rana Sanga died and with his death the Rajput confederacy collapsed.^[10]

Siege of 1535

Bahadur Shah who came to the throne in 1526 AD as the Sultan of Gujarat besieged the Chittorgarh fort in 1535. The fort was sacked and, once again the medieval dictates of chivalry determined the outcome. Following the defeat of the Rana, it is said 13,000 Rajput women committed jauhar (self immolation on the funeral pyre) and 3,200 Rajput warriors rushed out of the fort to fight and die.^[1][10]

Siege of 1567

1567-A mine explodes during the siege of Chitor-left-Akbarnama-large

The final Siege of Chittorgarh came 33 years later, in 1568, when the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great took the fort. Akbar wanted to conquer Mewar, which was being ably ruled by Rana Uday Singh II, a fine prince of Mewar. To establish himself as the supreme lord of Northern India, he wanted to capture the renowned fortress of Chittor, as a precursor to conquering the whole of India. Shakti Singh, son of the Rana who had quarreled with his father, had run away and approached Akbar when the later had camped at Dholpur preparing to attack Malwa. During one of these meetings, in August 1567, Shakti Singh came to know from a remark made in jest by emperor Akbar that he was intending to wage war against Chittor.^{[citation needed]} Akbar had told Shakti Singh in jest that since his father had not submitted himself before him like other princes and chieftains of the region he would attack him. Startled by this revelation, Shakti Singh quietly rushed back to Chittor and informed his father of the impending invasion by Akbar. Akbar was furious with the departure of Shakti Singh and decided to attack Mewar to humble the arrogance of the Ranas. In September 1567, the emperor left for Chittor, and on October 20, 1567, camped in the vast plains outside the fort. In the meantime, Rana Jai Singh, on the advice of his council of advisors, decided to go away from Chittor to the hills of Udaipur. Jaimal and Patta, two brave army chieftains of Mewar, were left behind to defend the fort along with 8,000 Rajput warriors under their command. Akbar laid siege to the fortress. The Rajput army fought valiantly and Akbar himself had narrowly escaped death. In this grave situation, Akbar had prayed for divine help for achieving victory and vowed to visit the shrine of the sufi saint Khwaja at Ajmer. The battle continued till February 23, 1568.^{[citation needed]} On that day Jaymal was seriously wounded but he continued to fight with support from Patta. Jayamal ordered jauhar to be performed when many beautiful princesses of Mewar and noble matrons committed self-immolation at the funeral pyre.^{[citation needed]} Next day the gates of the fort were opened and Rajput soldiers rushed out bravely to fight the enemies. Jayamal and Patta who fought bravely were at last killed in action. One figure estimates that 30,000 soldiers were killed in action. Akbar, on entering the fort, ordered a general carnage. Akbar immediately repaired himself to Ajmer to perform his religious vow.^[11]

But in 1616, Jehangir returned Chittor fort to the Rajputs. However, the fort was not resettled though it was refurbished in 1905.^[1]

Precincts

Chittorgarh Fort precincts Tower of Fame|Reservoir|Tower of Victory

The fort which is roughly in the shape of a fish has a circumference of 13 km (8.1 mi) with a maximum width of 3 km (1.9 mi).^{[citation needed]} The fort is approached through a zig zag and difficult ascent of more than1 km (0.6 mi) from the plains, after crossing over a bridge made in limestone. The bridge spans the Gambhiri River and is supported by ten arches (one has a curved shape while the balance have pointed arches). Apart from the two tall towers, which dominate the majestic fortifications, the sprawling fort has a plethora of palaces and temples (many of them in ruins) within its precincts.^[3][5]

Gates

The fort has seven gates (in local language, gate is called "Pol"), namely the Padan Pol, Bhairon Pol, Hanuman Pol, Ganesh Pol, Jodla Pol, Laxman Pol and the main entry gate of Ram Pol (Lord Rama's Gate). All the gateways to the fort have been built as massive stone structures with secure fortifications for military defense. The doors of the gates with pointed arches are reinforced to fend off elephants and cannon shots. The top of the gates have notched parapets for archers to shoot at the enemy army. A circular road within the fort links all the gates and provides access to the numerous monuments (ruined palaces and 130 temples) in the fort.

During the second siege, Prince Bagh Singh died at the Padan Pol in 1535 AD. Prince Jaimal of Badnore and his clansman Kalla were killed by Akbar at a location between the Bhairon Pol and Hanuman Pol in the last siege of the fort in 1567 (Kalla carried the wounded Jaimal out to fight).^{[citation needed]} Chhatris, with the roof supported by corbeled arches, have been built to commemorate the spots of their sacrifice. Their statues have also been erected, at the orders of Emperor Akbar, to commemorate their valiant deaths. At each gate, cenotaphs of Jaimal (in the form of a statue of a Rajput warrior on horseback) and Patta have also been constructed. At Ram Pol, the entrance gate to the fort, a Chaatri was built in memory of the 15 year old Patta of Kelwa, who had lost his father in battle, and saw the sword yielding mother and wife on the battle field who fought valiantly and died at this gate.^{[citation needed]} He led the saffron robed Rajput warriors, who all died fighting for Mewar’s honour. Suraj Pol (Sun Gate) provides entry to the eastern wall of the fort. On the right of Suraj Pol is the Darikhana or Sabha (council chamber) behind which lie a Ganesha temple and the zenana (living quarters for women). A massive water reservoir is located towards the left of Suraj Pol. There is also a peculiar gate, called the Jorla Pol(Joined Gate), which consists of two gates joined together. The upper arch of Jorla Pol is connected to the base of Lakshman Pol. It is said that this feature has not been noticed anywhere else in India. The Lokota Bari is the gate at the fort’s northern tip, while a small opening that was used to hurl criminals into the abyss is seen at the southern end.^{[1][2][5][12]}

Vijay Stambha

Main article: Vijay Stambha

Vijaya Stamaba with other relics stereoscopic view

The Vijay Stambha (Victory Tower) or Jay Stamba, called the symbol of Chittor and a particularly bold expression of triumph, was erected by Rana Khumba between 1458 and 1468 to commemorate his victory over Mahmud Shah I Khalji, the Sultan of Malwa, in 1440 AD.^{[citation needed]} Built over a period of tne years, it raises 37.2 metres (122 ft) over a 47 square feet (4.4 m²) base in nine stories accessed through a narrow circular staircase of 157 steps (the interior is also carved) up to the 8th floor, from where there is good view of the plains and the new town of Chittor.^{[citation needed]} The dome, which was a later addition, was damaged by lightning and repaired during the 19th century. The Stamba is now illuminated during the evenings and gives a beautiful view.^{[1][3][5][13]}

Kirti stambha

Main article: Kirti Stambha

Kirti Stambha ("Fame Tower") is a 22 metres (72 ft) high tower built on a 30 feet (9.1 m) base with15 feet (4.6 m) at the top, is adorned with Jain sculptures on the outside and is older (probably 12th century) and smaller than the Victory Tower.^{[citation needed]} Built by a Bagherwal Jain merchant Jijaji Rathod, it is dedicated to Adinath, the first Jain tirthankar (revered Jain teacher). In the lowest floor of the tower, figures of the various tirthankars of the Jain pantheon are seen in special niches formed to house them. These are digambara monuments. A narrow stairway with 54 steps leads through the six storeys to the top. The top pavilion that was added in the 15th century has 12 columns.^{[1][2][3][5][14][15]}

Rana Kumbha palace

At the entrance gate near the Vijaya Stamba, Rana Kumbha's palace (in ruins), the oldest monument, is located. The palace included elephant and horse stables and a temple to Lord Shiva. Maharana Udai Singh, the founder of Udaipur, was born here; the popular folk lore linked to his birth is that his maid Panna Dhay saved him by substituting her son in his place as a decoy, which resulted in her son getting killed by Banbir.^{[citation needed]} The prince was spirited away in a fruit basket. The palace is built with plastered stone. The remarkable feature of the palace is its splendid series of canopied balconies. Entry to the palace is through Suraj Pol that leads into a courtyard. Rani Meera, the famous poetess saint, also lived in this palace. This is also the palace where Rani Padmini, consigned herself to the funeral pyre in one of the underground cellars, as an act of jauhar along with many the other women. The Nau Lakha Bandar (literal meaning: nine lakh treasury) building, the royal treasury of Chittor was also located close by. Now, across from the palace is a museum and archeological office. The Singa Chowri temple is also nearby.^[1][2][5]

Fateh Prakash palace

Located near Rana Khumba palace, the precincts have modern houses and a small museum. A school for local children (about 4,000 villagers live within the fort) is also nearby.^[1][5]

Gaumukh reservoir

A spring feeds the tank from a carved cow’s mouth in the cliff. This pool was the main source of water at the fort during the numerous sieges.^[5]

Padmini’s palace

This palace, a white building, a three storied structure (a 19th century reconstruction of the original), is located in the southern part of the fort. Chhatris (pavilions) crown the palace roofs and a water moat surrounds the palace. This style of palace became the forerunner of other palaces built in the state with the concept of Jal Mahal (palace surrounded by water). It is at this Palace where Alauddin was permitted to glimpse at the mirror image of Rani Padmini, wife of Maharana Rattan Singh. It is widely believed that this glimpse of Padmini's beauty besotted him and convinced him to destroy Chittor in order to possess her. Maharana Rattan Singh was killed and Rani Padmini committed Jauhar. Rani Padmini's beauty is compared to that of Cleopatra and her life story is an eternal legend in the history of Chittor, in particular and of the Mewar state in general. The bronze gates to this pavilion were removed and transported to Agra by Akbar.^[1][2]

Other sights

Kirti stamba (left) and Meera Temple, where saint Mirabai (Meera) prayed to Krishna, starting his Bhakti movement. Chittorgarh Fort, Rajasthan

Close to Kirti Sthamba is the Meera temple. Rana Khumba built it in an ornate Indo–Aryan architectural style. It is associated with the mystic saint-poet Mirabai who was an ardent devotee of god Krishna and dedicated her entire life to his worship. She composed and sang lyrical bhajans called Meera-Bhajans. The popular legend associated with her is that with blessings of Krishna, she survived after consuming poison sent to her by an enemy. The larger temple in the same compound is the Kumbha Shyam temple (Varaha temple).^[1][2][5] The pinnacle of the temple is in pyramid shape. A picture of Mira Bai praying before Krishna has been installed now in the temple.^[16]

Across from Padmini’s palace is the Kalika Mata Temple, Chittorgarh Fort. Originally, a Sun temple dated to the 8th century dedicated to Surya -the sun-god, was destroyed in the 14th century. It was rebuilt as a Kali temple.^[1][2][5]

Another temple on the west side of the fort is the ancient Tulja Bhavani temple built to worship goddess Tulja is considered sacred. The tope khana (cannon foundry) is located next to this temple in a courtyard, where a few old cannons are still seen.^[5]

Jauhar mela

The fort and the city of Chittorgarh host the biggest Rajput festival called the "Jauhar Mela". It takes place annually on the anniversary of one of the jauhars, but no specific name is given to it. It is generally believed that it commemorates Padmini’s jauhar, which is most famous. This festival is held primarily to commemorate the bravery of Rajput ancestors and all three jauhars which happened at Chittorgarh Fort. A huge number of Rajputs, which include the descendants of most of the princely families, hold a procession to celebrate the Jauhar. It has also become a forum to air once views on the current political situation in the country.^[17]

Gallery

• 

  Columns in the fortress.

• 

  A part of fortress of Chittoor

• 

  A Jain tower at Chittor

• 

  Jaya sthamba Chittor

See also

• Chittorgarh
• Kalika Mata Temple, Chittorgarh Fort
• Mehrangarh Fort

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Joe Bindloss; James Bainbridge, Lindsay Brown, Mark Elliott & Stuart Butler (2007). India. Lonely Planet. pp. 124–126. ISBN 9781741043082. http://books.google.com/?id=T7ZHUhSEleYC&pg=PA214&dq=Chittorgarh+Fort. Retrieved 2009-06-24. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} "Indian States and Union Territories". Places of Interest in Rajasthan: Chtiiorgarh. http://www.saigan.com/heritage/states/rajasthan/chittor.html. Retrieved 2009-06-24. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d} "Chittorgarh Fort". http://www.udaipur.org.uk/excursions/chittorgarh-fort.html. Retrieved 2009-06-24. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India (1985). Indian and foreign review. New Delhi : Government of India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division, 1963-1988.. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0000194379. http://books.google.com/?id=DqZnAAAAMAAJ&q=Chittorgarh+Fort&dq=Chittorgarh+Fort. Retrieved 2009-06-24. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} "Chittorgarh Fort of Rajasthan in India". http://www.tourismtravelindia.com/rajasthanportal/touristattractions/CHITTORGARH.html. Retrieved 2009-06-22. 
6. ^ ^{a b} "Places and Monuments". http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:jak2kYHVEUQJ:www.culturopedia.com/Places/places.html+Geological+formation+in+Chittorgarh+Fort&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in. Retrieved 2009-06-24. 
7. ^ "Rajasthan’s Water fort". Rainwaterharvesting.Org. http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Solution/History_tour3.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-24. 
8. ^ Dr Naval Viyogi (2002). Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India, Their Origins and History (The History of the Indigenous people of India Vol. 2). Delhi: Originals. p. 148. ISBN 81-7536-287-1. http://books.google.com/?id=Cx1uAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+History+of+the+Indigenous+people+of+India+Vol.+2+byDr+Naval+Viyogi. 
9. ^ Ishwari Prasad. "A Short History of Muslim Rule in India". Khilji Imperialism. The Indian Press, Ltd. pp. paras 112 to 114. http://www.archive.org/stream/shorthistoryofmu035015mbp/shorthistoryofmu035015mbp_djvu.txt. Retrieved 2009-06-22. 
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Ishwari Prasad. "A Short History of Muslim Rule in India". India in the sixteenth century. The Indian Press, Ltd. pp. paras 281 to 287. http://www.archive.org/stream/shorthistoryofmu035015mbp/shorthistoryofmu035015mbp_djvu.txt. Retrieved 2009-06-22. 
11. ^ Ishwari Prasad. "A Short History of Muslim Rule in India". Era of reconstruction. The Indian Press, Ltd. pp. paras 364–366. http://www.archive.org/stream/shorthistoryofmu035015mbp/shorthistoryofmu035015mbp_djvu.txt. Retrieved 2009-06-22. 
12. ^ Pippa De Bruyn; Keith Bain, Niloufer Venkatraman & Shonar Joshi (2006). Frommer's India. Wiley Publishing, Inc. pp. 454=455. ISBN 0764567772. http://books.google.com/?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&pg=PA455&dq=Padmini%E2%80%99s+Palace. Retrieved 2009-06-26. 
13. ^ "Tower of Victory, Chittore Fort". http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho000430s21u00029000.html. Retrieved 2009-06-21. 
14. ^ "The Khowasin Stambha, a Jaina tower at Cheetore". http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000472u00009000.html. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
15. ^ "Chittaurgarh Fort, Chittaurgarh". http://www.rajasthantours.co.in/rajasthan-forts-palaces/chittaurgarh-fort-chittaurgarh.html. Retrieved 2009-06-24. 
16. ^ Laxman Prasad Mathur (1990). Forts and strongholds of Rajasthan. New Delhi, India: Inter-India Publications. p. 24. ISBN 812100229X. http://books.google.com/?id=3iduAAAAMAAJ&q=Chittorgarh+Fort&dq=Chittorgarh+Fort. Retrieved 2009-06-26. 
17. ^ B.S. Nijjar (2007). Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd.. p. 306. ISBN 8126909080. http://books.google.com/?id=xQM9voN21ekC&pg=PA306&lpg=PA306&dq=Jauhar+mela. Retrieved 2009-06-26. 

Further reading

• Crump, Vivien; Toh, Irene (1996) [1996] (hardback). Rajasthan. New York: Everyman Guides. p. 400. ISBN 1-85715-887-3. 
• Michell, George, Martinelli, Antonio (2005) [2005]. The Palaces of Rajasthan. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 271 pages. ISBN 978-0711225053. 
• Tillotson, G.H.R (1987) [1987] (Hardback). The Rajput Palaces - The Development of an Architectural Style (First ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 224 pages. ISBN 03000 37384. 

External links

• Chittorgarh Fort
• Video clip of all the monuments explained in the article