Saint-Nazaire

For other uses, see Saint-Nazaire (disambiguation).

Saint-Nazaire
Saint-Nazaire
Location within Pays de la Loire region  Saint-Nazaire
Administration
Country	France
Region	Pays de la Loire
Department	Loire-Atlantique
Arrondissement	Saint-Nazaire
Canton	3 cantons
Mayor	Joël-Guy Batteux (2001–2008)
Statistics
Elevation	0–47 m (0–154 ft) (avg. 6 m/20 ft)
Land area1	46.79 km2 (18.07 sq mi)
Population2	71,373  (2006)
- Density	1,525 /km2 (3,950 /sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code	44184/ 44600
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Coordinates: 47°16′50″N 2°12′31″W / 47.280556°N 2.208612°W / 47.280556; -2.208612

Saint-Nazaire (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.na.zɛʁ]; Breton: Sant-Nazer/Señ Neñseir; Gallo: Saint-Nazère/Saint-Nazaer), is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.

The town has a major harbour, on the right bank of the Loire River estuary, near the Atlantic Ocean. The town is at the south of the second-largest swamp in France, called "la Brière". Given its location, Saint-Nazaire has a long tradition of fishing and shipbuilding.

History

Antiquity

Archaeologists believe that Saint-Nazaire is built upon the remnants of Corbilo, an Armorican Gaulish city populated by the Namnetes tribe, which (according to the Greek navigator Pytheas) was the second-largest Gaulish city, after Massilia (now Marseilles).^{[citation needed]} Archeology suggests that the area has been inhabited since at least the Neolithic period, as evidenced by the presence of monuments like the tumulus of Dissignac and the dolmen located in the centre of the present-day city, and ancient bronzes found in the vicinity.

According to the 15th-century chronicler Alain Bouchart, Brutus of Troy, the mythical ancestor of the Bretons, travelled toward Saint-Nazaire to set foot upon the new homeland of his people.^{[citation needed]} Historical accounts note that at the end of the Roman Empire, some Britons colonized the Loire estuary, and later, the peninsula containing Guérande. The furthest extent of the ancient Breton language in the Loire region is Donges, to the east of Saint-Nazaire.

Middle Ages

According to the late-6th-century writer Gregory of Tours, the Roman Church sheltered the remains of the martyr Nazarius in a local basilica. According to legend, the Breton chief Waroch II sent an emissary to seize the relics. The plot was foiled when the emissary fractured his skull upon the lintel of the church door. Waroch, interpreting this as a miracle, was deterred, and the village thenceforth took the name of Sanctus Nazarius de Sinuario.^{[citation needed]}

After this point, the history of Saint-Nazaire, like much of Europe during the Dark Ages, is not well understood. Battles occurred, such as in 1380 when Jehan d'Ust defended the city in the name of John V, Duke of Brittany (known in France as Jean IV) against the Castilian fleet during the Hundred Years' War. After this time, Saint-Nazaire became the seat of a parish extending from Penhoët to Pornichet, part of the Viscountcy of Saint-Nazaire.

Like the whole of Brittany, Saint-Nazaire formed part of the Duchy of Brittany until 1532, when it was annexed by France. In 1624, the city was threatened by the Calvinists. In 1756, a fort was built on the order of the governor of Brittany to protect the town, which by then had 600 inhabitants.^{[citation needed]} Until the French revolution, Saint-Nazaire belonged to the province of Brittany.

19th century industrialization

At the beginning of the 19th century, the port only consisted of one simple harbor. As the town was so far inland, its main economy was not based on commercial fishing, but its strategic location as the lowest possible navigation point for large ships, and the supply of pilots for navigation further up the Loire. In 1800, the parish of Saint-Nazaire had around 3216 inhabitants.

The modern Saint-Nazaire was created by the administration of Napoleon III, and came about from the various national and regional truces which had prevented its development up to that point. The population of 3216 in 1800 shows that battered history, with a mainly local (Brière), of Low-Brittany (of Morbihan in the Finistère-south), and minor representation from most other areas of France. From this point forward the population of Saint-Nazaire experienced an exponential growth, which was reflected in its nickname of "Little Breton California", or "Liverpool of the West".

In 1802, a roadway was built to develop the port, which extended by 1835, to a breakwater with a navigational lighthouse at its end. The development, included new basins for ships to unload to barges which carried goods further up the river. This development moved the town into the area of the city which is now called the district of "Little Morocco". This development made the town the base for the passenger steamships of the Nantes-Saint-Nazaire line, as well as making the town the alternate port for ships which could not access Nantes.

View of the "New Entrance" locks gates to Port Saint-Nazaire towards the Loire River

In 1856, the first wet dock basin was dug in the handle of "Halluard City", making it possible for ships to moor and turn. This brought about the construction of the town's first railway connection. In 1857, the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans railroad company of Orléans connected Saint-Nazaire to Nantes. In 1862, the first transatlantic telegraph lines were installed from France towards South America, which came ashore at Saint-Nazaire. 1862 also saw the construction of major ship building facilities, including those of Chantier Scott, which launched of the first French constructed ships with metal hulls (the company went bankrupt in 1866). In 1868, Saint-Nazaire became a sub-prefecture in lieu of the town of Savenay. A second dock basin was created at Penhoët in 1881, to allow the servicing of larger ships, but a lock gate built to access it cut the town in two, thus creating Old Saint-Nazaire and an artificial island called "Little Morocco".

In early 1870, Nantes born Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau joined the bar in Saint-Nazaire. In September he became, in spite of his youth, secretary to the municipal commission temporarily appointed to carry on the town business. He organized the National Defense at Saint-Nazaire, and marched out with his contingent, though they saw no active service due to lack of ammunition (their private store having been commandeered by the state). In 1873, he moved to the bar of Rennes, following the establishment of the Third Republic in 1871.

On 30 March 1894, a strike occurred at the forging mills of Trignac in opposition to a reduction of the work force. What had seemed a small dispute escalated after a shooting in Fourmies, resulting in the town getting its national nickname of "Red City". Socialists flocked to the town in defense of the striking workers joining in the declaration of the "Fusillade de Fourmies".

In 1900, the commune of Pornichet was created by stripping off the larger commune of Saint-Nazaire.

First World War

During World War I, the city became an important unloading port of the allied troops, and particularly in the latter stages for the United States Army. When they entered the war in 1917, they developed the town and port infrastructure, by adding additional drinking water storage ponds for the town's water treatment plants, and a refrigeration terminal to the docks for shipment and storage of meat and dairy products to supply their troops.

However, the presence of legal brothels (Maisons Tolérée) resulted in a diplomatic incident. As a result of strict reformist public health concerns at home, the American Expeditionary Force placed the Maisons Tolérée off limits, resulting in a dispute between the towns brothel owners backed by the mayor, versus the US Army forces. With the dispute escalating, President Georges Clemenceau sent a memo to Gen. John Pershing offering a compromise: American medical author­ities would control designated brothels operated solely for American soldiers. Pershing passed the proposal to Raymond Fosdick, who on giving it to Secretary of War Newton D. Baker promptly responded: “For God’s sake, Raymond, don’t show this to the president or he’ll stop the war.” Only after the signing of the Armistice in November 1918, when the US Army could no longer plead military necessity as grounds for curtailing leave, did venereal disease rates among US Army troops shoot up.^[1]

Inter-war period

The post-war period brought about a period of economic depression for the ship builders, who consequently diversified into building seaplanes from 1922. In 1926 the district of Paimbœuf was suppressed and merged with the district of Saint-Nazaire, thus reinforcing the influence of the city on the south bank of the Loire River.

Although having built the SS Paris, between 1913 and 1921, and SS Ile de France between 1925 and 1926, as a result of the 1930s Great Depression the French government commissioned a series of state programs to aid national economic activity. The state owned shipping company Compagnie Générale Transatlantique commissioned the ship builders of Saint-Nazaire to construct a new large passenger ship, which as a result between 1928 and 1934 created the Albert Caquot engineered the Louis Joubert dry dock - at 3937 feet x 196.850 feet, the largest of its kind in the world at the time - necessary to be able to accommodate the construction of the SS Normandie. In 1932, the casino of Saint-Nazaire came bankrupt and was resold to the town of Nantes: the site was redeveloped from 1935 with the first part of the current Saint-Louis school.

As a result of the national general strike of June 1936, to ensure completion of the nationally prestigious project SS Normandie, the government nationalised the various private shipyards into one state owned entity, the 1861 founded Chantiers de l'Atlantique.

World War II

After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht army at the start of World War II , the combined forces of the French Army and the British Expeditionary Force failed to hold the oncoming onslaught. As part of Operation Ariel, Saint-Nazaire like Dunkirk became an evacuation point for the British back to England, with those successfully embarking including the writer John Renshaw Starr.

On 17 June 1940 an estimated 9,000 British Army soldiers were embarked aboard the Clyde-built troopship RMS Lancastria, which was then attacked and sunk by German Junkers Ju 88 bombers, mainly from Kampfgeschwader 30, taking with her around 4,000 victims.^[2] It is the worst disaster in British maritime history, and the worst loss of life for British forces in the whole of World War II. Winston Churchill banned all news coverage of the disaster on learning of it and it remained largely forgotten by history.

U-Boat pens

Modern day view of the Kriegsmarine U-boat submarine base 47°16′32″N 2°12′10″W / 47.27556°N 2.20278°W / 47.27556; -2.20278

Following the surrender of France to German forces later in June 1940, the port immediately became a base of operations for the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) and was as such the target of Allied operations. A heavily fortified U-boat submarine base was built by Organisation Todt shortly after occupation, with its 9 m (30-ft) thick concrete ceiling, was capable of withstanding almost any bomb in use at the time.

The base provided a home during the war to many of the most well known U-Boat staff, including:

• Commander Georg-Wilhelm Schulz who transferred 6th U-boat Flotilla from Danzig to the port in February 1942, where it became a combat flotilla.
• Kapitänleutnant Carl Emmermann - took command of 6th U-boat Flotilla over from Schulz in November 1942, until it left Saint-Nazaire for Norway in August 1944
• Lieutenant Commander Herbert Schultze - second in commend of 7th U-boat Flotilla from September 1940

The base still stands today, as its extremely sturdy construction makes demolition uneconomical. The base is now used by cafes, a bar and on the roof is a exhibition about Saint-Nazaire.

St. Nazaire Raid

Main article: St. Nazaire Raid

The huge Joubert drydock built for SS Normandie was the only port on the Atlantic capable of servicing the German battleships Bismarck and Tirpitz. This gave the port a strong strategic importance to both the Axis Powers and the Allies during the Second World War.

After Operation Rheinübung on 18–27 May 1941, in which the Bismarck and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen were to have ended the operational raid at Saint-Nazaire, but which resulted in the sinking of HMS Hood and the sinking of the Bismarck; the need for the Allies to take the Joubert dry dock out of operation was increased.

On 28 March 1942, a force of 611 British Commandos and the Royal Navy launched the St. Nazaire Raid against the shipyards of Saint-Nazaire, codenamed Operation Chariot. An obsolete American-built destroyer HMS Campbeltown was used as a ram-ship loaded with explosives, and it and the commandos succeeded in destroying the gates and machinery of the Joubert drydock, prevented its further use by Nazi Germany during the war. The Joubert dry dock was not brought back into operation until 1948.

After Operation Chariot

The U-boat threat to supply convoys across the Atlantic made Saint-Nazaire a constant target of Allied air forces. In the face of determined Luftwaffe fighter opposition to the daylight raids by USAAF Eighth Air Force bombers. On 3 January 1943 Col. Curtis LeMay led 85 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses of the 1st Bombardment Wing against the U-Boat pens at Saint-Nazaire, on the Eighth Air Force's sixth raid against the facility. LeMay also introduced the combat box defensive formation, echeloning three-plane elements within a squadron, and squadrons within a group, to concentrate defensive firepower against fighter opposition. Only 76 aircraft found and hit the target, and during the mission seven bombers were shot down and 47 damaged.

The damaged aircraft included the seventh B-17 mission of Staff Sergeant Alan Magee, from which Luftwaffe fighters shot off a section of the right wing causing the aircraft to enter a deadly spin. Wounded ball turret gunner Magee leapt from the plane without a parachute, rapidly losing consciousness due to the altitude. Magee fell over four miles before crashing through the glass roof of the St. Nazaire railway station, which mitigated Magee's impact. Found alive on the floor of the station, Magee was taken prisoner of war and given medical treatment by his captors. He had 28 shrapnel wounds, several broken bones, severe damage to his nose and eye, and lung and kidney damage; and his right arm was nearly severed. Magee was liberated in May 1945 and received the Air Medal for meritorious conduct and the Purple Heart. He was later featured in the Smithsonian Magazine as one of the ten most remarkable survivals of World War II.

As a result of the raid, on 14 January 1943 under directive (S.46239/?? A.C.A.S. Ops), the Allies implemented incendiary bomb tactics against U-Boat pens, under the Area bombing directive. To minimize civilian casualties during air attacks, the Allies devised a plan to force evacuation of the town. For three days in 1943, British Royal Air Force and American aircraft dropped scores of leaflets warning the population of a planned fire-bombing raid. At the end of the third day, the raid came and burned the entire city to the ground. Casualties were light as most of the civilians had heeded the warning and fled to the safety of the countryside, but after that point except for the self-contained U-boat base, Saint-Nazaire remained abandoned until the end of the war.

After D-day and the liberation of most of France in 1944, German troops in Saint-Nazaire's submarine base refused to surrender, and they holed up (as did their counterparts in the La Rochelle and Lorient bases). Since the Germans could no longer conduct major submarine operations from the bases without a supply line, the SHAEF commander, U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower decided to simply bypass these ports, and the Allied armies focused their resources on the invasion of Germany. Saint-Nazaire and the other two German "pockets" remained under Nazi control until the last day of the war in Europe, 8 May 1945.

Post World War II

The town of St. Nazaire was rebuilt in the late 1940s in a minimalist functional style.

After the construction of the SS France in 1961, the last Compagnie Générale Transatlantique liner and the subsequent closure of the Suez Canal, Chantiers de l'Atlantique began building large oil tankers, including Batillus, Bellamya, Pierre Guillaumat and Prairial. A new dry dock (Basin C) was planned for the construction of tankers over 1,000,000 tonnes but this fell through with the re-opening of the Suez Canal. The RMS Queen Mary 2 was constructed at Chantiers de l'Atlantique in 2003.

Education

Schools

The nursery schools and the elementary schools resident of Saint-Nazaire (Carnot, Jean-Jaurès, Lamartine, Jules Ferry, Ferdinand Bush, Boncourt, etc.) educate nearly 8,000 pupils divided in 30 school complexes.

The Junior schools have nearly 7,000 pupils divided in 12 colleges: public colleges Albert Vinçon; Pierre Norange; Manon Roland; Jean de Neyman; Jean Moulin, accommodate around 1350 pupils each. Private colleges include:

• Saint-Louis: 1 000 pupils, boarding school (historically a college of boys)
• Holy-Therese (historically a college of girls)

The high-schools educate 6,000 pupils divided into 11 colleges, with the technical Aristide Briand having some 3 500 pupils, one of the largest colleges of France [ref. necessary]; the experimental college, public lycée managed jointly by the teachers and the pupils; the private college of Saint-Louis mainstream education; the hotel private college Holy-Anne; the private of mainstream education and technological college Our-Lady-in Espérance. The Cité Scolaire of Saint-Nazaire is one of largest of France, with nearly 4 000 high-school pupils.

University

The university of Saint-Nazaire is a college of the University of Nantes, the second largest university in France with approximately 35 001 students, including nearly 5,000 on the university pole of Saint-Nazaire. The campus resident of Saint-Nazaire is composed of four university fields: Gavy, Océanis, Heinlex and the Cité Scolaire of Saint-Nazaire.

Transport

The Pont de Saint-Nazaire, which crosses the Loire

The Route nationale N165/N161 (E60 route), gives motorway access to Nantes and Rennes via the Pont de Saint-Nazaire, which crosses the Loire. Paris is then accessed via the a10/A11 (in Nantes). Valves, Lorient, Quimper and Brest are accessed via the N165.

A project to review a second crossing of the Loire between Nantes and Saint Nazaire is being considered to be constructed and operational by 2025.

Railway

Main article: Gare de Saint-Nazaire

The old Saint-Nazaire station building

Saint-Nazaire railway station is served by both the TGV and the regional trains and buses of the TER Pays de la Loire. TGV (high speed train) connection to Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Lille, and Strasbourg, with trains to Paris via the LGV Atlantique taking just over 2 hours. TER Pays de la Loire provides links to Nantes, Angers, Le Mans, La Roche sur Yon, and many other regional cities and towns.

Air travel

Saint-Nazaire airport is located 5 km south-east of Saint-Nazaire, on the commune of mounting block-of-Brittany. Its has an annual capacity for approximately 150 000 passengers, and is the operational and maintenance base for Eagle Aviation France.

International travel is accessed via Nantes Atlantique Airport, the biggest airport in western France, linking with several French and European cities, as well as Montreal in Canada and some northern Africa cities. It is currently planned that this airport will be supplemented by a new Aéroport du Grand Ouest, that will be situated 30 km to the north-west of Nantes in the commune of Notre-Dame-des-Landes. The €580 million project was approved in February 2008, with construction expected to start in 2012 and a opening date in 2015.^[3]

Economy

The shipyards of Chantiers de l'Atlantique, Saint-Nazaire

The economy of the city is founded on the activity of the port: exportation of products manufactured, but also on the services, being given sizeable size of the city. Commercial fishing has almost completely disappeared, in spite of the subsistence of a small fleet of fisheries and fishing vessels.

Saint-Nazaire suffered heavily from the downsizing of shipbuilding activity in western Europe in the 1960s and '70s, during which again she completed the new national passenger liner SS France. For a long time in the 1980s, Saint-Nazaire remained an economically depressed area with unemployment rates above 20%. Today, the local economy is more diversified and its situation is more in line with that of France as a whole. The major industries are:

Airbus A380 transporter ship Ville de Bordeaux

• Shipyard - having previously concentrated on both naval and cargo ship construction, Chantiers de l'Atlantique has completed a successful reconversion to cruise ship building and is now one of the world leaders in this sector. Purchased by Aker Yards, the Cunard Line's new flagship, RMS Queen Mary 2, was built in Saint-Nazaire.
• Airbus - Saint-Nazaire is one of the European centers of Airbus, responsible for the fitting out of fuselage sections. Originally a factory built for SNCASO, it is located at Penhoët, immediate north of the sites of Chantiers de l'Atlantique. An additional facility was built in Gron in 1980. For the Airbus A380, the Airbus Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ship Ville de Bordeaux brings fuselage sections from Hamburg, Germany for larger, assembled sections, some of which include the nose. The ship then unloads these sections plus wings from Filton, Bristol and Broughton in North Wales at Bordeaux. From there, the A380 parts are transported by barge to Langon, Gironde, and by oversize road convoys to the assembly hall in Toulouse.^[4] New wider roads, canal systems and barges were developed to deliver the A380 parts. After assembly, the aircraft are flown to Hamburg, XFW to be furnished and painted.
• Aeronautical engineering - Famat, a joint-venture company between Snecma and General Electric, has a factory in Saint-Nazaire. Employing approximately 450 people, Famat is specialized in the manufacture of structural elements for turbojets.
• Mechanical engineering - SEMT Pielstick manufacturer of diesel engines intended for the naval, railway applications and of electrical production. Now part of MAN B&W Diesel, the SEMT Pielstick factory employs in 2006, 670 people in Saint-Nazaire.
• Port - the first French port on the Atlantic facade. Now busier than its rival Nantes, it is managed within the interurban co-operation of the Port authority of Nantes-Saint-Nazaire. The port terminal handles high-volumes of food products, methane, Elf de Donges and many other industries.

Saint-Nazaire is one of the two seats of the Chamber of commerce and industry of Nantes and Saint-Nazaire which is that of Loire-Atlantique.

International relations

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin towns — Sister cities

Saint-Nazaire is twinned with:

• Avilés, Spain
• Kribi, Cameroon
• Peillac
• Saint-Hubert, Canada - since 1991
• Sarrelouis, Germany - since 1969
• City of Sunderland, England - since 1 May 1953

It has also cooperation agreements with:

• Cienfuegos, Cuba - since 1996

Cultural references

• 1943 British film Tomorrow We Live, directed by George King, and starring John Clements, Godfrey Tearle, Greta Gynt, Hugh Sinclair and Yvonne Arnaud.
• In the book of Das Boot Saint-Nazaire was the base used in the novel. The film changed the location to La Rochelle because its appearance had not changed to such a large degree in the years following World War II.
• In the Franco-Canadian CGI Cartoon Skyland, Saint Nazaire is the name of the pirate flagship.
• The video game Medal of Honor: European Assault opens with the British raid on St. Nazaire.

People from Saint-Nazaire

For full list, see Category:People from Saint-Nazaire

• René-Yves Creston (1898–1964), artist, ethnologist, resisting and Breton nationalist, founder of the artistic movement and social Art Seiz Breur
• Odette of Puigaudeau (1894–1991), ethnologist
• Fernand Guériff (1914–1994), scholar, type-setter, historian, journalist devoting themselves mainly to the soil of the peninsula guérandaise 5
• Yann Goulet (1914–1999), sculptor, Breton nationalist and war-time collaborationist with Nazi Germany who headed the Breton Bagadou Stourm militia. He later took Irish citizenship and became professor of sculpture at the Royal Hibernian Academy
• Gildas Bernard, (1925–2001), archivist paleographer, prize winner of Put of Velãquez, member of the School of the High Hispanic Studies Director of the services of files of the Paddle.
• Georges and André Bellec, members of the vocal quartet the Jacques Brothers
• Gustave Tiffoche, ceramist, painter and sculptor, born in 1930
• Olivier Josso, author of cartoons
• Roger Lévêque, (5 December 1920-30 June 2002) was a professional road racing cyclist from 1946 to 1953
• Colonel Moutarde, illustrator
• Remi Bolt, (1973), writer and vidéaste
• Tony Heurtebis, (15 January 1975), football goalkeeper who currently plays for FC Nantes Atlantique.^[5]

• Sandra Gomis, athlete

Demographics

Date of Population
(Source: Cassini^[6])

1793 1800 1806 1820 1821 1831 1836 1841 1846 1851 3 381 3 316 3 303 - 3 204 3 789 - 3 771 4 145 5 318

1856 1861 1866 1872 1876 1881 1886 1891 1896 5 743 10 845 18 896 17 066 18 300 19 626 25 575 30 935 30 813

1901 1906 1911 1921 1926 1931 1936 1946 1954 35 813 35 762 38 267 41 631 39 411 40 488 43 281 11 802 39 350

1962 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2004 2005 2006 58 286 63 289 69 251 68 348 64 812 65 874 68 838 68 200 71 373 For the census of 1962 to 1999 the official population corresponds with the population without duplicates according to the INSEE.

Breton language

In 2008, there was 0.41% of the children attended the bilingual schools in primary education.^[7]

See also

Brittany portal

• 1942 raid on the Normandie dry dock - see St. Nazaire Raid
• Skyland Cartoon - see Skyland
• Communes of the Loire-Atlantique department
• Parc naturel régional de Brière

References

• INSEE commune file

1. ^ Fred D. Baldwin. "No Sex, Please, We’re American". History Channel. http://www.thehistorychannelclub.com/articles/articletype/articleview/articleid/72/no-sex-please-were-american. Retrieved 29 October 2011. 
2. ^ Hooton 2007, p. 88.
3. ^ "New Notre Dame des Landes Airport, Nantes, France". airport-technology.com. http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/newnantes/. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 
4. ^ "A380 convoys". IGG.FR. 28 October 2007. http://www.igg.fr/. Retrieved 2007-10-28. 
5. ^ rlfoot.fr profile
6. ^ http://cassini.ehess.fr/ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui
7. ^ (French) Ofis ar Brezhoneg: Enseignement bilingue

• Perrett, Bryan (2003). For Valour: Victoria Cross and Medal of Honor Battles. Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, London. ISBN 0-297-84662-0
• Braeuer, Luc, L’incroyable histoire de la poche de Saint-Nazaire, Batz-Sur-Mer 2003.
• Guériff, Fernand. Saint-Nazaire sous l'occupation allemande: le Commando, la Poche. Éditions du Paludier (In French)
• Moret Henri, Histoire de Saint-Nazaire et de la région environnante, Bruxelles, 1977 (In French)
• Barbance Marthe, Saint-Nazaire : la Ville, le Port, le Travail, Marseille, 1979 (In French)

External links

• Official Website (English)
• St-Nazaire submarine base (English)
• Lancastria Association of Scotland (English)
• Official website (French)