Turangalîla-Symphonie

The "Turangalîla-Symphonie" is a large-scale piece of orchestral music by Olivier Messiaen. It was written from 1946 to 1948, on a commission by Serge Koussevitzky for the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The premiere was given by that orchestra on December 2, 1949, conducted by Leonard Bernstein in Boston. The commission did not specify the duration, orchestral requirements or style of the piece, leaving the decisions up to the composer [Program notes provided with the Naxos Records recording by the Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra.] . Koussevitzky was billed to conduct the premiere but fell illfact|date=June 2007 and the task was then given to the young Bernstein. Messiaen's second wife Yvonne Loriod was the piano soloist and Ginette Martenot played ondes Martenot for the first and several subsequent performances. From 1953, Yvonne's sister Jeanne Loriod was the ondes Martenot player in many performances and recordings.Full score, pub, Durand.]

Concept

While most of Messiaen's compositions are religious in inspiration, at the time of writing the symphony the composer was fascinated by the myth of Tristan and Isolde, and the Turangalîla Symphony forms the central work in his trilogy of compositions concerned with the themes of romantic love and death — the other pieces are Harawi for piano with soprano and Cinq rechants for unaccompanied choir. It is considered a 20th century masterpiece and a typical performance runs around 80 minutes in length. When asked about the meaning of the work's duration in its ten movements and the reason for the use of the ondes Martenot, Messiaen simply replied, "It's a love song."citequote

The title of the work, and those of its movements, were a late addition to the project. They were first described by Messiaen in a diary entry in early 1948.cite book|title=Messiaen|author=Peter Hill and Nigel Simeone|publisher=Yale University Press, New Haven and London|year=2005|id=ISBN 0-300-10907-5] He derived the title from two Sanskrit words, "turanga" and "lîla", which roughly translate into English as "love song and hymn of joy, time, movement, rhythm, life, and death"Some of the information in this article can be found in the program notes, written by Messiaen, provided with the DG recording by Orchestre de l'Opéra Bastille.] , and described the joy of Turangalîla as "superhuman, overflowing, dazzling and abandoned". Messiaen revised the work in 1990.

Instrumentation

The piece is scored for:
*Solo piano and ondes Martenot;
*Woodwind: piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 3 bassoons;
*Brass: 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 1 trumpet in D, cornet, 3 trombones, 1 tuba;
*At least 8 and up to 11 percussionists, playing: vibraphone, keyed and mallet glockenspiels, triangle, temple blocks and wood block, cymbals (crash and three types of suspended), tam tam, tambourine, maracas, snare drum, Provençal tabor, bass drum, and tubular bells;
*celesta, and strings (32 violins, 14 violas, 12 cellos and 10 double basses)The demanding piano part includes several solo cadenzas.

Cyclic Themes

In writing about the work, Messiaen identified four "cyclic" themes that reappear throughout; there are other themes specific to each movement. In the score the themes are numbered, but in later writings he gave them names to make them easier to identify, without intending the names to have any other, literary meaning.

tructure

The work is in ten movements, linked by the common themes identified above, and other musical ideas:

#Introduction. "Modéré, un peu vif": A "curtain raiser" introducing the "statue theme" and the "flower theme", followed by the body of the movement, which superimposes two "ostinato" groups with rhythmic punctuations. A reprise of the "statue" theme closes the introduction.
#Chant d’amour (Love song) 1. "Modéré, lourd": After an atonal introduction, this movement is built on an alternation of a fast and passionate theme dominated by the trumpets, and a soft and gentle theme for the strings and ondes.
#Turangalîla 1. "Presque lent, rêveur": Three themes are stated: one starting with a solo clarinet, the second for low brass and strings, and the third a sinuous theme on the woodwinds. The movement then develops and, later, overlaps the themes, with the addition of a new rhythm in the percussion.
#Chant d’amour 2. "Bien modéré": Introduced by a "scherzo" for piccolo and bassoon, this movement is in nine sections, some of which recall and develop music heard earlier. A calm coda in A major brings it to a close.
#Joie du Sang des Étoiles (Joy of the Blood of the Stars). "Vif, passionné avec joie": A frenetic dance whose main theme is a fast variant of the "statue theme". For Messiaen, it represented the union of two lovers seen as a transformation on a cosmic scale. The dance is interrupted by a shattering piano cadenza before a brief orchestral coda.
#Jardin du Sommeil d’amour (Garden of Love’s Sleep). "Très modéré, très tendre": The first full rendition of the "love" theme in the strings and ondes is accompanied by idealized birdsong played by the piano, and by other orchestral coloristic effects. According to Messiaen, "The two lovers are enclosed in love's sleep. A landscape comes out from them..."
#Turangalîla 2. "Un peu vif, bien modéré": A completely atonal movement that is intended to invoke terror, with a predominant role for the percussion ensemble.
#Développement d’amour (Development of Love). "Bien modéré": For Messiaen, the title can be considered in two ways. For the lovers, it is terrible: united by the love potion, they are trapped in a passion growing to the infinite. Musically, this is the work's development section.
#Turangalîla 3. "Bien modéré": A theme is introduced by the woodwind. A five-part percussion ensemble introduces a rhythmic series that then sustains a set of superimposed variations on the woodwind theme.
#Final. "Modéré, presque vif, avec une grande joie": The movement is in sonata form: A brass fanfare, coupled with a fast variation of the "love theme", is developed and leads to a long coda, a final version of the "love" theme played "fortissimo" by the entire orchestra. The work ends on an enormous chord of FMusic|sharp major. In Messiaen's words, "glory and joy are without end".

The composer's initial plan was for a symphony in the conventional four movements, which eventually became numbers 1, 4, 6, and 10. Next, he added the three "Turangalîla" movements, which he originally called "tâlas", a reference to the use of rhythm in Indian classical music. Numbers 2 and 8 came next, and finally the 5th movement was inserted. Early on, Messiaen authorized separate performance of movements 3, 4, and 5, as "Three tâlas" (not to be confused with the original use of the term for the three Turangalîla movements), but later came to disapprove of the performance of extracts.

References

External links

* [http://www.philharmonia.co.uk/messiaen/music/turangalila.html Turangalîla-Symphonie] The Philharmonia Orchestra's Olivier Messiaen Website. Featuring films, photos, documents and much more. An interview with Esa-Pekka Salonen, a look at the percussion used and a visit to the site of the premiere in Boston.
* [http://www.obsolete.com/120_years/machines/martenot/ The Ondes-Martenot at Obsolete.com] - includes two audio excerpts from the symphony (Quicktime format).