Charnwood Forest

Charnwood Forest
The summit of Beacon Hill
Bluebells in Swithland Wood
Charnwood Forest, as defined by Natural England
Old John, Bradgate Park

Charnwood Forest is an upland tract in north-western Leicestershire, England, bounded by Leicester, Loughborough, and Coalville. The area is undulating, rocky and picturesque, with barren areas. It also has some extensive tracts of woodland; its elevation is generally 600 ft (180 m) and upwards, the area exceeding this height being about 6,100 acres (25 km2). The highest point, Bardon Hill, is 912 ft (278 m). On its western flank lies an abandoned coalfield, with Coalville and other former mining villages, now being regenerated and replanted as part of the National Forest. The M1 motorway, between junctions 22 and 23, cuts through Charnwood Forest.

The hard stone of Charnwood Forest has been quarried for centuries,[1] and was a source of whetstones and quern-stones. The granite quarries at Bardon Hill, Buddon Hill, and Whitwick are of national importance and supply crushed aggregate, much by train, to a wide area of southern Britain.

The Forest is an important recreational area with woodland walks, noted for their displays of bluebells in the early spring, rock climbing, and hillwalking. Popular places with public access include Bardon Hill, Beacon Hill, Bradgate Park, Swithland Wood, and the Outwoods.

Contents

Extent

The area of hills and open land known as Charnwood Forest has no jurisdictional boundary. (The Borough of Charnwood covers roughly two thirds of Charnwood Forest, and the eastern half of the Borough is not part of the Forest). Furthermore, despite its name, Charnwood was never a Royal Forest, and was never subject to Forest Law.[2] So although it is an ancient and well established locality,[3] it has only recently been officially defined, by the Natural England National Character Area (NCA) process,[4][5] which takes a somewhat wider definition than many previous attempts to define the area.[6][7]

Geology

Many of the craggy rocks of Charnwood Forest are of volcanic origin and are very old, dating back through 600 million years to Precambrian times.[8] It was the site of the first ever recorded discovery of Charnia masoni, the earliest known large, complex fossilised species on record. It was discovered in 1957 by a local schoolboy named Roger Mason (thus masoni) who, with friends, was exploring a quarry near the Charnwood village of Woodhouse Eaves. The rocks of Charnwood Forest remain the only place in Western Europe where these Precambrian fossils have been found.[9]. Along the western edge of Charnwood Forest the rocks are mainly Precambrian igneous Diorites. These formed from molten lava deep within the sedimentary rocks, cooling slowly to produce hard, blocky rock with large crystals. This is extensively quarried for roadstone around Groby, Markfield and Whitwick, and is known as granite (formerly also called Markfieldite).[10]. The central area of the forest has older rocks still. These are sedimentary and are very variable in character, They were formed by material from volcanoes, settling in deep water, and it is in these beds that the fossils are found. Uplifting, tilting and erosion have produced the distinctive jagged outcrops found across the highest parts of Charnwood.[11] On the eastern side, a much more recent series of rocks are found. Again igneous Diorites, that formed deep underground, but these are Ordovician, from a mere 450 million years ago.[12] These are extensively quarried in the areas near Mountsorrel.

History

The earliest form of the name Charnwood is probably derived from cerne woda, from the Celtic carn, meaning cairn, and the Old English wudu, meaning wood. Some sources give cwern as the derivation, meaning hand mill, the stone for which was quarried in the area.[13]

Archeological evidence has shown that the area was inhabited as far back as the Neolithic period, approximately 4,000-2,000BC. Beacon Hill is the site of an Bronze Age hill fort, dating from between 600BC-AD43. This forms one of the last surviving visible features in the landscape known to the Coritani, the tribe who occupied most of the East Midlands area at the time of the Roman Conquest.

According to Domesday Book, there was only one settlement in Charnwood Forest in 1086, at Charley whose name would appear to come from the same root, with the suffix -ley denoting open land, rather than forest.

In the 200 years after the Norman Conquest, newly created settlements took major areas of land out of the Forest for use in agriculture. Quorn was established between 1086 and 1153, and all the land up to Woodhouse had been reclaimed from the forest by 1228.

There were comparatively few major changes in land use in the post Medieval period, until the demand for timber and charcoal for the early Industrial Revolution contributed to a further loss of woodland. By the end of the 18th century, most of the woodland had disappeared leaving large areas of moorland and pasture.

The area was the inspiration for "Charnwood Poems", a collection of poems by author, playwright and poet Albert Francis Cross (1863–1940).

Wildlife and Geological Sites

Map showing sites in Charnwood Forest notable for wildlife and geology

Charnwood Forest covers approx 173 km2 (67 sq mi) of Leicestershire, split over three local government districts: Charnwood Borough, North West Leicestershire District, and Hinckley and Bosworth District. It includes a National Nature Reserve (NNR), 19 SSSIs (Some subdivided in the list of sites below), 4 GCR sites of International geological importance plus a further 6 GCR sites, 13 Regionally Important Geological Sites (RIGS), 5 Local Nature Reserves (LNRs), 7 Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust (LRWT) nature reserves, and 1 Woodland Trust woodland. 17 sites have open access to the public. Footpaths and bridleways give views and limited access to the other sites listed, and to the rest of the Charnwood Forest landscape. Over half of Charnwood Forest is included within the National Forest. It is also crossed by two waymarked long distance walking routes – the Leicestershire Round and the Ivanhoe Way.[14] The 45 sites listed here include sites with statutory wildlife or geological designations, plus other sites included in published lists of notable sites. On both the map and table, green denotes a site open to the public, amber denotes a site with limited access, or restricted by permit or membership. Red denotes a site with no public access except by special arrangement with the owners.

Sites in Charnwood Forest notable for Wildlife and Geology
Map No. Site Name Status Access Grid Ref. Area (ha) Habitat Ownership and details
1 Breedon Cloud Wood and Quarry SSSI(B&G)[15] & RIGS[16] Restricted SK41521452°47′19″N 1°23′10″W / 52.7886°N 1.3860°W / 52.7886; -1.3860 (Breedon Cloud Wood and Quarry SSSI) 63 Ancient woodland and limestone quarry Breedon Cloud Wood is owned by LRWT. Permit needed.[17] Cloud Hill Quarry is owned by Ennstone Breedon Ltd.
2 Shepshed Cutting SSSI(G)[15] Partial SK46218652°45′47″N 1°19′00″W / 52.7630°N 1.3168°W / 52.7630; -1.3168 (Shepshed Cutting SSSI) 6.1 Old Quarry with Galena of a type unknown elsewhere in the world.[18] The quarry is crossed by a disused railway cutting of the Charnwood Forest Railway which is now a path and cycleway, and of the short-lived Charnwood Forest Canal.[19]
3 Morley Quarry, Shepshed LNR[20], GCR[21] & RIGS[22] Open SK476179 52°45′24″N 1°17′46″W / 52.7566°N 1.2961°W / 52.7566; -1.2961 (Morley Quarry) 3 Disused quarry Charnwood Borough Council. Car Park off Iveshead Road.[22] Cliff faces show the oldest of Charnwood's Precambrian rocks and the Triassic unconformity.[23]
4 Newhurst Quarry, Shepshed SSSI(G)[15], GCR[24] & RIGS[16] None SK485179 52°45′23″N 1°16′58″W / 52.7565°N 1.2828°W / 52.7565; -1.2828 (Newhurst Quarry, Shepshed SSSI) 9 Quarry currently being used for waste disposal Landfill site managed by Biffa. [25] GCR listing for Mineralogy significance.[24]
5 Holywell Wood Woodland[26] Partial SK507183 52°45′36″N 1°15′00″W / 52.7599°N 1.2501°W / 52.7599; -1.2501 (Holywell Wood) Woodland Private. Public footpath runs along its northern edge from Snells Nook Lane.
6 Longcliffe Quarry, Shepshed RIGS[16] None SK492170 52°47′04″N 1°16′21″W / 52.7844°N 1.2726°W / 52.7844; -1.2726 (Longcliffe Quarry, Shepshed) Quarry site Midland Quarry Products: working quarry.
7 Ives Head GCR(I)[21] & RIGS [27] Partial SK478170 52°44′55″N 1°17′36″W / 52.7485°N 1.2933°W / 52.7485; -1.2933 (Ives Head) Old quarry and craggy hilltop Privately owned disused quarry. A public bridleway passes 500m south of the summit (201m).
8 Blackbrook Reservoir SSSI(B&G)[15] & GCR[21] Partial SK45717552°45′12″N 1°19′27″W / 52.7532°N 1.3243°W / 52.7532; -1.3243 (Blackbrook Reservoir SSSI) 38.6 Open water, wooded banks, wetlands Severn Trent Water. Access to the viaduct and wooded slopes via One Barrow Lane.[28]
9 Grace Dieu And High Sharpley SSSI (B&G)[15] Partial SK43717052°44′56″N 1°21′14″W / 52.7489°N 1.3540°W / 52.7489; -1.3540 (Grace Dieu And High Sharpley SSSI) 89 Heathland and Carbonifierous limestone outcrops Private owners. Adjoins National Forest access land and Grace Dieu Priory site.
10 Cademan Wood Woodland[26] Partial SK43817052°44′56″N 1°21′09″W / 52.7489°N 1.3526°W / 52.7489; -1.3526 (Cademan Wood) Mixed woodland with rocky outcrops De Lisle family. Public footpaths and informal open access. [29] Spectacular outcrops that formed very close to a Precambrian volcano.[23]
11 Snibston Country Park and Grange Nature Reserve LNR[20] Open SK41614252°43′26″N 1°23′08″W / 52.7238°N 1.3855°W / 52.7238; -1.3855 (Snibston Country Park) 40 Woodland, meadow, marsh and ponds Leicestershire County Council.[30]
12 Nature Alive! Coalville LNR[20] Open SK42115152°43′55″N 1°22′41″W / 52.7319°N 1.3780°W / 52.7319; -1.3780 (Nature Alive!) 6 Regenerated scrub and wetland on former industrial land North West Leicestershire District Council. Valuable site for dragonflies.[31]
13 Whitwick Quarry RIGS[16] None SK44815952°44′20″N 1°20′16″W / 52.7389°N 1.3379°W / 52.7389; -1.3379 (Whitwick Quarry) Quarry site Midland Quarry Products
14 Mount St Bernard Abbey Abbey[26] Partial SK45716252°44′29″N 1°19′28″W / 52.7415°N 1.3245°W / 52.7415; -1.3245 (Mount St Bernard's Abbey) Cistercian Abbey Visitors to the Abbey and grounds are made welcome.[32] The crags around The Knoll show steeply dipping Charnian tuffs.[33]
15 Charnwood Lodge NNR, SSSI(B&G)[15] & GCR[21] Restricted SK466155 52°44′06″N 1°18′41″W / 52.7351°N 1.3113°W / 52.7351; -1.3113 (Charnwood Lodge SSSI) 193.5 Acid and heath grasslands with some mixed woodland LRWT, permit needed for parts.[34] Timberwood Hill and Warren Hills are accessible under the right to roam. [35]
16 Jubilee Wood, Woodhouse Lane Public woodland Open SK510165 52°44′37″N 1°14′46″W / 52.7437°N 1.2460°W / 52.7437; -1.2460 (Jubilee Wood) 10 Mixed woodland and rocky outcrops Leicestershire County Council.[36]
17 Loughborough Outwoods, Woodhouse Lane SSSI(B&G)[15] GCR (I)[21] Open SK515160 52°44′21″N 1°14′19″W / 52.7392°N 1.2387°W / 52.7392; -1.2387 (Outwoods, Leicestershire SSSI) 44.6 Mixed woodland and rocky outcrops Charnwood Borough Council. Free car park.[37]
18 Woodbrook and Deans Wood Stream and woodland[26] Partial SK505158 52°44′15″N 1°15′13″W / 52.7375°N 1.2535°W / 52.7375; -1.2535 (Woodbrook and Deans Wood) Charnwood stream and woodland Permissive path from Jubilee wood to Deans Lane.[38]
19 Charley Woods Nature reserve Open SK476148 52°43′44″N 1°17′48″W / 52.7288°N 1.2966°W / 52.7288; -1.2966 (Charley Woods) 28.8 Oak woodland LRWT, open to the public.[39]
20 Bardon Hill Quarry SSSI(G)[15] GCR[21] and RIGS[16] None SK459133 52°42′55″N 1°19′19″W / 52.7154°N 1.3220°W / 52.7154; -1.3220 (Bardon Hill Quarry SSSI) 79 Quarry. Precambrian Igneous Rocks Aggregate Industries.
21 Bardon Hill SSSI(B)[15] Partial SK461132 52°42′52″N 1°19′08″W / 52.7145°N 1.3190°W / 52.7145; -1.3190 (Bardon Hill SSSI) 13 High moorland, highest point in Leicestershire (278m) Private land. Access to the summit, via public footpaths with expansive views.[40]
22 Beacon Hill, Woodhouse Eaves SSSI(B&G)[15] GCR[21] & Ancient Monument Open SK513146 52°43′36″N 1°14′30″W / 52.7266°N 1.2418°W / 52.7266; -1.2418 (Beacon Hill, Leicestershire SSSI) 135 Heathland, rocks, woodland hillfort Leicestershire County Council.[41]
23 Broombriggs Farm and Windmill Hill Farm Trail Open SK52314452°43′29″N 1°13′38″W / 52.7247°N 1.2271°W / 52.7247; -1.2271 (Broombriggs Farm and Windmill Hill)] 55 Farmland and heath Leicestershire County Council. Pay car park.[42]
24 Buddon Brook Stream[26] Partial SK55615652°44′07″N 1°10′41″W / 52.7352°N 1.1780°W / 52.7352; -1.1780 (Buddon Brook) Stream habitat Private farmland. A public footpath runs beside the stream.
25 Buddon Wood SSSI(B&G)[15] and RIGS[16] None SK55815252°43′54″N 1°10′30″W / 52.7316°N 1.1751°W / 52.7316; -1.1751 (Buddon Wood SSSI) 89 Ancient Oak woodland, now mostly quarried away, Private – including Lafarge Aggregates.[43]
26 Main Quarry, Mountsorrel SSSI(G)[15] & GCR[44] None SK57714852°43′40″N 1°08′49″W / 52.7278°N 1.1470°W / 52.7278; -1.1470 (Main Quarry, Mountsorrel SSSI) 14 Quarry site Lafarge Aggregates. Largest manmade hole in Europe.School visits are possible.[45]
27 Swithland Reservoir and Brazil Island SSSI (B&G)[15] and RIGS Partial SK56014252°43′21″N 1°10′20″W / 52.72260°N 1.1723°W / 52.72260; -1.1723 (Swithland Reservoir SSSI) 98 Open water, wooded banks Severn Trent Water. Limited road and footpath access. Excellent views from Great Central Railway, which crosses the reservoir via Brazil Island.
28 The Brand, Swithland SSSI(B&G)[15] & GCR[21] None SK53613352°42′53″N 1°12′29″W / 52.7147°N 1.2080°W / 52.7147; -1.2080 (The Brand, Swithland) 18 Oak woodland, grassy heath and old slate quarries Private (Martin family). Occasional open days.[27]
29 Roecliffe Manor Lawns SSSI(B)[15] None SK531125 52°42′27″N 1°12′56″W / 52.7076°N 1.2155°W / 52.7076; -1.2155 (Roecliffe Manor Lawns SSSI) 1.2 Species rich grassland with rare fungi Leonard Cheshire Care Home.
30 Swithland Wood SSSI(B&G)[15] Open SK54012352°42′21″N 1°12′08″W / 52.7057°N 1.2022°W / 52.7057; -1.2022 (Swithland Wood SSSI) 61 Ancient Woodland and disused slate quarries Bradgate Park Trust. Pay car parks.
31 Benscliffe Wood SSSI(B)[15] None SK51412752°42′34″N 1°14′26″W / 52.7095°N 1.2406°W / 52.7095; -1.2406 (Benscliffe Wood SSSI) 10 Mixed woodland Private wood. Particularly rich in lichen species.
32 Ulverscroft Nature Reserve, Whitcroft's Lane Nature reserve Restricted SK490124 52°42′26″N 1°16′34″W / 52.7071°N 1.2762°W / 52.7071; -1.2762 (Ulverscroft Nature Reserve) 56 Mixed woodland, marshy grassland and meadow NT, managed by LRWT (NT members need LRWT permit).[46]
33 Rocky Plantation, Nr Markfield Nature reserve Restricted SK493118 52°42′06″N 1°16′19″W / 52.7016°N 1.2719°W / 52.7016; -1.2719 (Rocky Plantation) 3.4 Mixed woodland and rocky outcrops NT, managed by LRWT. Open to Wildlife Trust and National Trust members only.[47]
34 Lea Meadows, Ulverscroft Lane SSSI[15] Open SK506115 52°41′56″N 1°15′10″W / 52.6988°N 1.2527°W / 52.6988; -1.2527 (Lea Meadows SSSI) 12 Meadow LRWT, open to the public.[48]
35 Billa Barra Hill LNR[20] & RIGS[16] Open SK468113 52°41′51″N 1°18′32″W / 52.6974°N 1.3089°W / 52.6974; -1.3089 (Billa Barra Hill) 20 Old quarry, grassland, mature and recent woodland. Hinckley and Bosworth Borough Council. Open to the public. Car Park on Billa Barra Lane.[49]
36 New Cliffe Hill Quarry RIGS[16] None SK463108 52°41′34″N 1°18′59″W / 52.6929°N 1.3164°W / 52.6929; -1.3164 (New Cliffe Hill Quarry) 243 Quarry. Precambrian Rocks Midland Quarry Products: working quarry (A tunnel links this to Cliffe Hill Quarry).[50]
37 Cliffe Hill Quarry SSSI(G)[15] GCR (I)[21] and RIGS[16] None SK475105 52°41′24″N 1°17′55″W / 52.6901°N 1.2987°W / 52.6901; -1.2987 (Cliffe Hill Quarry SSSI) 37 Quarry. Precambrian Rocks Midland Quarry Products: working quarry.[51]
38 Altar Stones, Markfield Nature reserve Open SK485107 52°41′30″N 1°17′02″W / 52.6918°N 1.2839°W / 52.6918; -1.2839 (Altar Stones, Markfield) 3.7 Rough heath grassland with rock outcrops LRWT, open to the public.[52]
39 Hill Hole Quarry, Markfield Nature reserve and RIGS[16] Open SK486102 52°41′14″N 1°16′57″W / 52.6873°N 1.2825°W / 52.6873; -1.2825 (Hill Hole Quarry) 5.4 Flooded quarry, rock faces and grassland Hinckley and Bosworth Borough Council. Open to the public.[53] The old quarry faces show the youngest of the area's Precambrian rocks. [54]
40 Cropston Reservoir SSSI(B&G)[15] None SK546110 52°41′38″N 1°11′37″W / 52.6939°N 1.1936°W / 52.6939; -1.1936 (Cropston Reservoir SSSI) 55 Open water, wetlands Severn Trent Water. No access but with good views from Bradgate Park.
41 Bradgate Park SSSI(B&G)[15] GCR(I)[21] Open SK530110 52°41′30″N 1°13′17″W / 52.6917°N 1.2214°W / 52.6917; -1.2214 (Bradgate Park SSSI) 340 Bracken heath, rocks, river, woodland, ancient oaks Bradgate Park Trust. Pay car parks.
42 Sheet Hedges Wood, Newtown Linford SSSI(B)[15] Open SK524087 52°40′25″N 1°13′35″W / 52.6735°N 1.2265°W / 52.6735; -1.2265 (Sheet Hedges Wood SSSI) 30 Mixed woodland Leicestershire County Council. Free car park near Groby Pool.[55]
43 Groby Pool SSSI(B)[15] Partial SK523082 52°40′08″N 1°13′41″W / 52.6690°N 1.2280°W / 52.6690; -1.2280 (Groby Pool SSSI) 28 Open water, wetlands Amalgamated Roadstone Corp. One side has good roadside paths and access with a large nearby free car park.
44 Groby Quarry RIGS[16] None SK525083 52°40′12″N 1°13′30″W / 52.6699°N 1.2251°W / 52.6699; -1.2251 (Groby Quarry) Working Quarry Amalgamated Roadstone Corporation (ARC)
45 Martinshaw Wood Public woodland[26] Open SK510072 52°39′36″N 1°14′51″W / 52.6601°N 1.2474°W / 52.6601; -1.2474 (Martinshaw Wood) 102 Mixed woodland Woodland Trust.[56]

Abbreviations used in the table: National Nature Reserve (NNR). Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) (B=Biological, G=Geological). Geological Conservation Review (GCR)(I=of International importance).[57] Regionally Important Geological Site (RIGS). Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust (LRWT). National Trust (NT). Local Nature Reserve (LNR).

See also

Notes

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

  1. ^ Ambrose 2007, p. 42.
  2. ^ Squires 1986, p. 10.
  3. ^ Squires 1986, p. 11.
  4. ^ Hirst 1997.
  5. ^ http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/Images/jca73_tcm6-4950.pdf
  6. ^ Crocker 1981, p. 13.
  7. ^ Webster 1997, p. 42.
  8. ^ Ambrose 2007, p. 2.
  9. ^ Carney 2010.
  10. ^ Ambrose 2007, p. 27.
  11. ^ Ambrose 2007, p. 14.
  12. ^ Ambrose 2007, p. 6.
  13. ^ "Charnwood History Overview". People Making Places 2000: A creative Map of Charnwood. http://www.peoplemakingplaces.org.uk/places/charnwood_history/charnwood_forest.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-07. 
  14. ^ http://www.leics.gov.uk/index/environment/countryside/walking/long_distance_paths.htm
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/sssi/citation_results.asp?P=1&S=&c=25
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k http://maps01.leics.gov.uk/GMaps/gmap_rigs.jsp
  17. ^ http://lrwt.org.uk/nature-reserves/cloud-wood/
  18. ^ Natural England citation| http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1001903.pdf
  19. ^ Ambrose 2007, p. 36.
  20. ^ a b c d http://www.english-nature.org.uk/Special/lnr/lnr_results.asp?N=&C=25&Submit=Search
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Carney 2000, p. 16.
  22. ^ a b http://www.nationalforest.org/visit/images/location/pdfs/1662-1.pdf
  23. ^ a b Ambrose 2007, p. 18.
  24. ^ a b Bevins 2010, p. 8.
  25. ^ http://www.biffacorporate.co.uk/newhurst.aspx
  26. ^ a b c d e f Webster 1997, p. 41.
  27. ^ a b Crocker, J and Daws, J, 1996 Spiders of Leicestershire, p.207
  28. ^ Ambrose 2007, p. 33.
  29. ^ http://www.leioc.org.uk/fixtures/lei_country/cademan.php
  30. ^ http://www.leics.gov.uk/index/leisure_tourism/museums/snibston/snibston_explore/snibstoncountrypark.htm
  31. ^ http://www.lrdg.org.uk/sites/nature-alive-coalville.php
  32. ^ http://www.mountsaintbernard.org/index.html
  33. ^ Ambrose 2007, p. 34.
  34. ^ http://lrwt.org.uk/nature-reserves/charnwood-lodge/
  35. ^ http://www.ramblers.org.uk/freedom/righttoroam/newplacestowalk
  36. ^ http://www.leics.gov.uk/index/environment/countryside/countryparks/country_parks_other_country_parks_picnic_areas/jubileewood.htm
  37. ^ http://www.charnwood.gov.uk/pages/outwoodsinformation
  38. ^ http://www.leics.gov.uk/index/environment/countryside/walking/walks_to_nature_charnwood.htm
  39. ^ http://lrwt.org.uk/nature-reserves/charley-woods/
  40. ^ Ambrose 2007, p. 16.
  41. ^ http://www.leics.gov.uk/index/environment/countryside/countryparks/beacon.htm
  42. ^ http://www.leics.gov.uk/index/environment/countryside/countryparks/broombriggs.htm
  43. ^ http://www.aditnow.co.uk/mines/Mountsorrel-Granite-Quarry/
  44. ^ carney 2000, p. 16.
  45. ^ http://www.lafarge.co.uk/AandCAggregates/A%20Guide%20to%20Mountsorrel%20Quarry.pdf
  46. ^ http://lrwt.org.uk/nature-reserves/ulverscroft/
  47. ^ http://lrwt.org.uk/nature-reserves/rocky-plantation/
  48. ^ http://lrwt.org.uk/nature-reserves/lea-meadows/
  49. ^ http://www.hinckley-bosworth.gov.uk/info/200073/parks_and_open_spaces/361/billa_barra_hill
  50. ^ http://www.mindat.org/loc-1590.html
  51. ^ http://www.nationalforest.org/visit/index.php?control=main&action=location&LocationId=1645
  52. ^ http://lrwt.org.uk/nature-reserves/altar-stones/
  53. ^ http://www.hinckley-bosworth.gov.uk/info/200073/parks_and_open_spaces/362/hill_hole_quarry
  54. ^ Ambrose 2007, p. 35.
  55. ^ http://www.leics.gov.uk/index/environment/countryside/countryparks/country_parks_other_country_parks_picnic_areas/sheethedges.htm
  56. ^ http://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/en/our-woods/Pages/about-this-wood.aspx?wood=4180
  57. ^ Carney 2000, p. 17.

References

External links

Coordinates: 52°42′N 1°15′W / 52.70°N 1.25°W / 52.70; -1.25


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