U.S. Route 81

Infobox U.S. Route
article_route=81

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length_mi=1220Droz, Robert V. [http://www.us-highways.com/usbt.htm U.S. Highways : From US 1 to (US 830)] . URL accessed 22:46, 20 February 2006 (UTC).]
length_km=1963.4
yrcom=1926, truncated northward in the 1990s
direction_a=South
direction_b=North
from=jct|state=TX|I|35W|US|287 at Fort Worth, TX
junction=jct|state=OK|I|44 at Chickasha, OK
jct|state=OK|I|40 at El Reno, OK
jct|state=KS|I|135 from Wichita, KS to Salina, KS
jct|state=KS|I|70 near Salina, KS
jct|state=NE|I|80 at York NE
jct|state=SD|I|90 at Salem, SD
jct|state=SD|I|29 from Watertown, SD to Manvel, ND
jct|state=ND|I|94 at Fargo, ND
jct|state=ND|US|2 at Grand Forks, ND
jct|state=ND|I|29 from Joliette, ND to Pembina, ND
to=

U.S. Route 81 is one of the many United States Numbered Highways established in 1926 by the US Department of Agriculture Bureau of Public Roads.

The route of US-81 follows that of the old Meridian Highway (so called because it roughly followed the sixth principal meridian of the US Public Land Survey System) which dates back as early as 1911. [ [http://ktwu.washburn.edu/journeys/scripts/2003/1603a.html Transcript - The Meridian Highway ] ] The highway has alternately (and unofficially) been known as part of the Pan-American Highway. [ [http://www.thayercounty.ne.gov/index_html?page=content/history/highway81.html Highway 81 ] ] In the segment in the State of Oklahoma, the highway closely corresponds to the old Chisholm Trail for cattle drives from Texas to railheads in Kansas in the 1860s and 1870s.

As of 2004, the highway's northern terminus is just north of Pembina, North Dakota at the Canadian border. At this point, it is routed along Interstate 29 and continues northward on Highway 29, a short feeder route into Highway 75 that in turn leads to Winnipeg.

Its southern terminus is in Fort Worth, Texas, at an intersection with Interstate 35W. Between the inception of the numbered highway system in 1926 through 1991, US 81's southern terminus was at the Mexican border in Laredo, Texas. In 1991, the terminus was moved to San Antonio. The route was shortened to its present length of convert|1234|mi|km in 1993, when the terminus was moved to Fort Worth. In both cases, the dropped portions of US 81 were replaced by Interstate 35. [ [http://www.us-highways.com/us1.htm#US_81 North-South routes - US 1 to US 101 - Odd numbered highways ] ]

Route description

Texas

US 81 at its inception in 1926 followed the route of State Highway 2, which began in Laredo and passed through San Antonio, Austin, Waco, and Fort Worth before passing over the Red River into Oklahoma four miles (6 km) north of Ringgold. The 1936 Official Map of the Highway System of Texas clearly shows the route labeled both as US 81 and S.H. 2. It was cosigned with U.S. Highway 83 for convert|18|mi|km from Laredo to convert|2|mi|km south of Webb, with U.S. Highway 79 for convert|18|mi|km from Austin north to Round Rock, and with U.S. Highway 77 for convert|33|mi|km from Waco to Hillsboro. In 1940 U.S. Highway 287 was extended south into Texas, and a convert|67|mi|km|sing=on stretch from Fort Worth northwest to Bowie was cosigned with US 81. The Summer 1941 Texas Highway Map shows this pairing, and the current southern terminus of US 81 is still cosigned with US 287.

The Spring and Summer 1949 Texas Highway Department Official Map designates the length of US 81 from Laredo to Fort Worth as part of the National System of Interstate Highways, but no numeric designation is given.

It is not until 1959 that parts of US 81 in Texas appear on the Texas Official Highway Travel Map cosigned with Interstate 35 shields. Succeeding maps reflect the slow completion of I-35 and I-35W over the stretch of US 81 between Laredo and Fort Worth, with the 1978-79 Texas Official Highway Travel Map showing only a convert|14|mi|km|sing=on section from Encinal north to convert|3|mi|km south of Artesia Wells as incomplete, and the 1980 Texas Official Highway Travel Map showing that section completed. In 1980, US 81 was cosigned with I-35 and I-35W except where the Interstate bypassed towns, with US 81 providing the main route through town and then reconnecting with I-35 on the other side. The longest section of US 81 in 1980 not cosigned with the Interstate ran from I-35 in Hillsboro convert|20|mi|km north to I-35W, just north of Grandview.

Oklahoma

Enid & El Reno are major Oklahoma towns on the highway; historically, the small town of Hennessey is notable. Among the elders throughout the small towns that are dotted along Route 81 in Oklahoma, the sixth meridian is commonly known among the locals as the "Indian Meridian". Route 81 is also known at the "Indian Meridian Highway." By pure coincidence, the Chisholm Trail of the Post-Civil-War decades roughly followed along this meridian; the region was not opened for settlement until several years after the cattle drives were discontinued; cultural memory harkened exclusively for many years to Indian Meridian Highway until recognition of the old cattle trail grew in the late 1900s.

Kansas

Nearly all of US-81 in Kansas is either freeway or expressway. The route enters Kansas as a two-lane near Caldwell. From South Haven to Wichita it closely parallels Interstate 35. At Wichita, US-81 joins Interstate 135. The two highways remain joined until Salina. Interstate 135 ends at Interstate 70 but US-81 continues as a freeway to Minneapolis, then as an expressway passing through Concordia before exiting the state north of Belleville.

From Salina to Concordia, the highway is named the Frank Carlson Memorial Highway, in honor of the late Senator Frank Carlson. Senator Carlson was a native of Concordia who represented Kansas in the U.S. Senate from 1951-1969. Before serving in the Senate, he was Governor of Kansas from 1947–1950.

Nebraska

U.S. 81 enters Nebraska as an expressway at Chester and continues as an expressway to York, where the highway intersects Interstate 80. After a two-lane section going north from York and an overlap with Nebraska Highway 92, U.S. 81 again becomes an expressway at Nebraska Highway 64. This expressway section passes through Columbus and Norfolk. North of Norfolk, U.S. 81 is a two-lane, undivided highway which passes through no towns before exiting the state in Cedar County.

outh Dakota

U.S. 81 enters South Dakota by a Missouri River crossing, via the Meridian Highway Bridge at Yankton. Its junction with Interstate 90 is south of Salem. U.S. 81 passes near Madison before it joins with Interstate 29 at Watertown. The two highways remain paired through the rest of the state, leaving South Dakota near New Effington.

The South Dakota section of U.S. 81, with the exception of a concurrency with U.S. 14, is defined at South Dakota Codified Laws § 31-4-179. [http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=31-4-179]

North Dakota

U.S. 81 enters North Dakota concurrently with Interstate 29. It is paired with I-29 from the South Dakota border to the north side of Grand Forks. There it splits off to the northwest. It parallels I-29, passing through the town of Grafton before joining North Dakota Highway 5 near Cavalier. It rejoins I-29 and continues to the US/Canada border at Pembina.

History

US 81 started out as the Meridian Highway, an auto trail organized in 1911 to connect Winnipeg, Canada to the Gulf of Mexico near the Sixth Principal Meridian. [Nebraska State Historical Society, [http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/markers/texts/meridian_highway.htm The Meridian Highway: From Canada to Mexico] , accessed October 2007] The southern terminus, initially at Galveston, [Fort Wayne News, Good Roads Enthusiasts Prepare for Second National Convention, February 4, 1913] was later moved to Laredo, where it would connect with a proposed extension to Mexico City (later built as part of the Pan-American Highway). [Los Angeles Times, Plan Highway from Laredo Across Mexico, March 22, 1920, p. I5] Five of the six states along the route assigned a single number to the highway, mostly changing at the state line. (Kansas did not number its highways until 1926.)Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas, 1926, accessed via the [http://www.broermapsonline.org/members/ Broer Map Library] ] [The following routes were used, shown on the 1926 Rand McNally:
*Texas: 2
*Oklahoma: 2
*Kansas: state highways were not numbered prior to the U.S. Highway system
*Nebraska: 4 (Lincoln Star, Road Conditions, October 11, 1925)
*South Dakota: 21
*North Dakota: 1] Planning to replace these designations - and the Meridian Highway name - began in 1925, when the Joint Board on Interstate Highways created a preliminary list of interstate routes to be marked by the states;Richard F. Weingroff, [http://wwwcf.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/numbers.htm From Names to Numbers: The Origins of the U.S. Numbered Highway System] ] the entire Meridian Highway was assigned Route 81.Report of Joint Board on Interstate Highways, October 30, 1925, Approved by the Secretary of Agriculture, November 18, 1925] The new number was officially adopted in late 1926.), April 1927]

The Interstate Highway System was approved in 1956, and included several routes that would replace much of US 81. Interstate 35 followed the corridor from Laredo north to Wichita, where I-35 turned northeast towards Kansas City, with a branch - Interstate 35W - continuing parallel to US 81 to Salina, Kansas. Between Fort Worth, Texas and South Haven, Kansas, I-35 did not directly replace US 81, instead following U.S. Route 77 through Oklahoma City, but replaced it as a long-distance highway. From Salina north through Nebraska, the US 81 corridor was not part of the Interstate system, but Interstate 29 began at Kansas City, gradually heading northwest and intersecting US 81 at Watertown, South Dakota, then following it north to the Canadian border. The portion through northern Kansas and Nebraska remains an important regional corridor, but by the late 1970s, the rest had been mostly replaced by I-35 and I-29 for non-local traffic. [Gulf, Tourgide: United States, Canada and Mexico (Rand McNally & Company), 1977] The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials approved a truncation in 1991, changing the southern terminus from Laredo to north of Fort Worth and removing long overlaps with and short sections parallel to I-35. [Texas Department of Transportation, [http://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/us/us0081.htm Highway Designation File: U.S. Highway No. 81] , accessed October 2007]

The portion of US 81 between Grandview, Texas and Hillsboro, Texas that was not part of Interstate 35W was renamed State Highway 81.

Business US 81 in San Antonio, Texas was replaced by Loop 368 and Loop 353. The north side (Loop 368) traveled down Broadway & Austin Highway while the south side (Loop 353) was Nogalitos & Laredo Highway. When it was replaced, they renamed the street New Laredo Highway.

Old portions of US 81 in various parts of North Dakota are now county routes. The current US 81 in these areas is co-signed with Interstate 29.

Completion of the four-lane section of U.S. 81 between Salina and Minneapolis, Kansas occurred in 1971.Southeast Nebraska Tourism Council. "Pan American Highway...Gateway to Southeast Nebraska" "2002 Southeast Nebraska Visitor's Guide." Page 80.]

Between Wichita and Salina, Kansas, old sections of US-81 are now county routes and short sections of state highways. The current US-81 in this area is co-signed with Interstate 135. In McPherson County, the old alignment of US-81 is signed as Business US-81.

Major intersections

* Interstate 35W in northern Fort Worth, Texas
* Interstate 44 at Chickasha, Oklahoma
* Interstate 40 just south of El Reno, Oklahoma
* Interstate 135 in southern Wichita, Kansas (concurrent along entire length of Interstate 135 except for the southernmost half-mile)
* Interstate 70 in Salina, Kansas
* Interstate 80 convert|4|mi|km south of York, Nebraska
* Interstate 90 convert|3|mi|km south of Salem, South Dakota
* Interstate 29 north of Watertown, South Dakota (concurrent with route with Interstate 29 until convert|11|mi|km north of Grand Forks, North Dakota)
* Interstate 94 at Fargo, North Dakota

ee also

Related U.S. Routes

Though it did in the past, US 81 currently does not connect to either of its spur routes.
* U.S. Highway 181
* U.S. Highway 281

Bannered and suffixed routes

*U.S. Route 81 Business in Rush Springs, Oklahoma
*U.S. Route 81 Business in McPherson, Kansas
*U.S. Route 81 Business in Lindsborg, Kansas
*U.S. Route 81 Business in Fargo, North Dakota
*U.S. Route 81 Business in Grand Forks, North Dakota

Former bannered and suffixed routes

*"U.S. Route 81 Business" in San Antonio, Texas
*"U.S. Route 81 Business" in McPherson County, Kansas

References

External links

* [http://www.geocities.com/usend8089/End081/end081.htm US-81 endpoint photos]

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