2000 United States Census

. [cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1991-02.pdf |title=Population and Area (Historical Censuses) |publisher=United States Census Bureau] This was the twenty-second federal census and the largest single civil administrative peacetime effort in the history of the United States. [ [http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/mso-01icdp.pdf Census.gov "Introduction to Census 2000 Data Products"] ]

The U.S. resident population includes the total number of people in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; its population was 3,808,610, an 8.1% increase over the number from a decade earlier.

Population profile

: "See also Race."

In an introduction to a more detailed population profile (see references below), the Census Bureau highlighted the following facts about U.S population dynamics:

* 75.1% of respondents said they were White or Caucasian and no other race;
* 21.36% (60 Million Americans) are of German descent; German-Americans
* 12.3% are of Black or African-American descent;
* Hispanics — who may belong to any race — accounted for 12.5% of the U.S. population, up from 9% in 1990;
* 3.6% of respondents are Asian;
* 2.4% of respondents are multiracial (2 or more races). The 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided.
* Between 1990 and 2000, the population aged 45 to 54 grew by 49% and those aged 85 and older grew 38%;
* Women outnumber men two to one amongst those aged 85 and older;
* Almost one in five adults had some type of disability in 1997 and the likelihood of having a disability increased with age;
* Families (as opposed to men or women living alone) still dominate American households, but less so than they did thirty years ago;
* Since 1993, both families and nonfamilies have seen median household incomes rise, with "households headed by a woman without a spouse present" growing the fastest;
* People in married-couple families have the lowest poverty rates;
* The poor of any age are more likely than others to lack health insurance coverage;
* The number of elementary and high school students in 2000 fell just short of the all-time high of 49 million reached in 1970;
* Improvements in educational attainment cross racial and ethnic lines; and
* The majority (52%) of U.S. households have access to computers; 41% have Internet access.

Changes in population

Regionally, the South and West picked up the bulk of the nation's population increase, 14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the mean center of U.S. population moved to Phelps County, Missouri. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149; the Midwest, by 4,724,144.

Reapportionment

The results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U.S. Code, to reapportion among the states the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives. The apportionment population consists of the resident population of the fifty states, plus the overseas military and federal civilian employees and their dependents living with them who could be allocated to a state. Each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S. House of Representatives.

Since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative." In 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, and in 1911 the number of representatives was fixed at 435. Today, each member represents about 19 times as many constituents.

Adjustment controversy

In the years leading up to the 2000 census, there was substantial controversy over whether the Bureau should adjust census figures based on a follow-up survey, called the post-enumeration survey, of a sample of blocks. (In 1999, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the Constitution prohibits the use of such figures for apportionment purposes, but it may be permissible for other purposes where feasible.) The controversy was partly technical, but also partly political, since based on data from the 1990 census both parties believed that adjustment would likely have the effect, after redistricting, of slightly increasing Democratic representation in legislative bodies, but would also give Utah an additional, probably Republican, representative to Congress. (See [http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/~fienberg/PSExchange/AndersonFienberg_Partisan2000.html here] and [http://www.brook.edu/comm/policybriefs/pb56.htm here] for background.)

Following the census, discrepancies between the adjusted census figures and demographic estimates of population change could not be resolved in time to meet legal deadlines for the provision of redistricting data, and the Census Bureau therefore [http://www.census.gov/dmd/www/EscapRep.html recommended] that the unadjusted results be used for this purpose. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce (the official in charge of making the determination).

Utah controversy

After the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth congressional seat, falling 857 people short, which in turn was allocated to North Carolina. The Census Bureau counted members of the military and other federal civilian employees serving abroad as residents of their home state, but did not count other individuals living outside the United States. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents and that the failure to do so imposed a burden on Mormon religious practice. Almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah; only 102 came from North Carolina. If this policy were changed, then Utah would have received an additional seat instead of North Carolina. On November 26, 2002, the Supreme Court affirmed the lower court ruling that rejected Utah's efforts to have Mormon missionaries counted. [Greenhouse, Linda. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE5DF1E3AF934A15752C1A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=utah%20mormon%20abroad%20census&st=cse "Justices Deal Utah a Setback In Its Bid to Gain a House Seat"] , "The New York Times", November 27, 2001. Accessed July 16, 2008.]

The state of Utah then filed another lawsuit alleging that the statistical methods used in computing the state populations were improper and cost Utah the seat. The Bureau uses a method called imputation to assign a number of residents to addresses where residents cannot be reached after multiple efforts. While nationwide the imputation method added .4% to the population, the rate in Utah was .2%. The state challenged that the use of imputation violates the Census Act of 1957 and that it also fails the Constitution's requirement in Article I, Section 2 that an "actual enumeration" be used for apportionment. [Greenhouse, Linda. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9904E3DB103BF930A15752C0A9649C8B63 "Supreme Court Roundup; Justices to Hear Utah's Challenge to Procedure in 2000 Census"] , "The New York Times", January 23, 2002. Accessed July 16, 2008.] This case, "Utah v. Evans", made it to the Supreme Court, but Utah was again defeated. [Greenhouse, Linda. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E6D7123FF932A15755C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 "THE SUPREME COURT: RIGHT TO PRIVACY; Supreme Court Finds Law On Educational Privacy Isn't Meant for Individuals"] , "The New York Times", June 21, 2002. Accessed July 16, 2008.]

Gay and lesbian controversy

The census forms did not include any questions regarding sexual orientation, making it impossible to compile data comparing heterosexual and homosexual populations. However, two questions "were" asked that allowed same-sex partnerships to be counted. The questionnaires asked the sex of each person in a household and they asked what the relationship was between each of the members of the household. Respondents could check "Husband/wife" or "unmarried partner" or a number of other relationships. [ [http://www.census.gov/dmd/www/pdf/d02p.pdf Census 2000 Long Form Questionnaire] ] [ [http://www.census.gov/dmd/www/pdf/d61a.pdf Census 2000 Short Form Questionnaire] ] Responses were tabulated and the Census Bureau reported that there were more than 658,000 same-sex couples heading households in the United States. However, only about 25% of gay men and 40% of lesbians are in shared-household partnerships at any one time, according to non-Census surveys. [ [http://www.urban.org/toolkit/issues/gayresearchfocus.cfm Gay and Lesbian Demographics] ] For every same-sex couple tallied in the census, there could be three to six more homosexual un-partnered individuals who wouldn't be counted as gay. The Census reported that same-sex male couples numbered 336,001 and female same-sex couples numbered 329,522. [ [http://www.gaydemographics.org/USA/SF4/SF4states.html US Census unmarried couple data listed by state] ] Extrapolating from those figures and the surveyed partnering habits of homosexuals, as many as 4.3 million homosexual adults could have been living in the U.S. in 2000. The exact number can't be known because the Census didn't count them specifically. Bisexual and transgendered populations weren't counted, either, as there were no questions regarding this information. Missing, too, are data from additional couples living under the same roof as the first, though this lack applies as well to additional heterosexual couples under the same roof. The lack of accurate numbers makes it difficult for lawmakers who are considering legislation on hate crimes or social services for gay families with children. [ [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/50941427.html?dids=50941427:50941427&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=MAR+12%2C+2000&author=Phuong+Ly&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Be+Counted+In+Census%2C+Groups+Urge+Gay+Live-Ins&pqatl=google The Washington Post, March 12, 2000. Be Counted In Census, Groups Urge Gay Live-Ins] ] It also makes for less accuracy when predicting the fertility of a population. [ [http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0034.html Unbinding the Ties: Edit Effects of Marital Status on Same Gender Couples] ]

Another issue that concerned gay rights advocates involved the automatic changing of data during the tabulation process. This automatic software data compiling method, called "allocation", was designed to counteract mistakes and discrepancies in returned questionnaires. Forms that were filled out by two same-sex persons who checked the "Husband/wife" relationship box were treated by the Census computers as a discrepancy. The Census Bureau explained that same-sex "Husband/wife" data samples were changed to "unmarried partner" by computer processing methods in 99% of the cases. In the remaining 1%, computer systems used one of two possibilities: a) one of the two listed sexes was changed, making the partnership appear heterosexual, or b) if the two partners were more than 15 years apart in age, they might have been reassigned into a familial parent/child relationship. [http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/samesex.html Technical Note on Same-Sex Unmarried Partner Data From the 1990 and 2000 Censuses] ] The process of automatic reassignment of same-sex marriage data was initiated so that the Census Bureau would not contravene the Defense of Marriage Act passed in 1996. The Act states: :"In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the word 'marriage' means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, and the word 'spouse' refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or wife."

With allocation moving married same-sex couples to the unmarried partner category, statisticians lost any data that could have been extracted relating to the social stability of a same gender couple who identify themselves as married. [ [http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0034.html Unbinding the Ties: Edit Effects of Marital Status on Same Gender Couples] ]

References

* [http://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm#a1_sec1 Constitution Article I Section II re Enumeration and Apportionment]

External links

United States Census Bureau web pages

* [http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html Census 2000 gateway]
* [http://www.census.gov/population/www/pop-profile/profile2000.html Population Profile of the United States: 2000]
* [http://www.census.gov/population/pop-profile/2000/profile2000.ppt Population Profile Introductory slide show] , in MS Powerpoint format
* [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/ State and County QuickFacts] , the most requested information
* [http://factfinder.census.gov American FactFinder] , for population, housing, economic, and geographic data

Other 2000 census websites

* [http://www.mla.org/census_main MLA Language Map] from the Modern Language Association
* [http://people.howstuffworks.com/census.htm How the Census Works] via Howstuffworks.com