Deep Space 2

Deep Space 2

DS2 probe with heatshield and mounting
Operator	NASA/JPL
Major contractors	Lockheed Martin
Mission type	Lander / impactor
Launch date	1999-01-03 20:21:10 UTC
Launch vehicle	Delta II 7425
Launch site	Space Launch Complex 17 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
Mission duration	(failure in transit) Last contact on day 334 1999-12-03 20:00:00 UTC [1]
Landing site	73°S 210°W / 73°S 210°W / -73; -210 (Deep Space 2) (Projected)
COSPAR ID	DEEPSP2
Homepage	nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/ds2/
Mass	2.4 kg (5.3 lb) each
Power	300mW (Li-SOCl2 batteries)
Instruments
Main instruments	Impact accelerometer Water detection apparatus Soil conductivity probe Descent accelerometer
Spectral band	S-band

Deep Space 2 was a NASA probe which was part of the New Millennium Program. It included two highly advanced miniature space probes which were sent to Mars aboard the Mars Polar Lander in January 1999.^[2] The probes were named "Scott" and "Amundsen", in honor of Robert Falcon Scott and Roald Amundsen, the first explorers to reach the Earth's South Pole. Intended to be the first spacecraft to penetrate below the surface of another planet, after entering the Mars atmosphere DS2 was to detach from the Mars Polar Lander mother ship and plummet to the surface using only an aeroshell impactor, with no parachute. The mission was declared a failure on March 13, 2000, after all attempts to reestablish communications following the descent went unanswered.^[3]

Background

Each probe weighed just 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) and was encased in a protective aeroshell. They rode to Mars aboard another spacecraft, the Mars Polar Lander. Upon arrival just above the south polar region of Mars on December 3, 1999,^[2] the basketball-sized shells were released from the main spacecraft, plummeting through the atmosphere and hitting the planet's surface at over 179 m/s (590 ft/s). On impact, each shell was designed to shatter, and its grapefruit-sized probe was to punch through the soil and separate into two parts. The lower part, called the forebody, was designed to penetrate as far as 0.6 meters (2 ft 0 in) into the soil. The upper part of the probe, or aftbody, was designed to remain on the surface in order to radio data to the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft in orbit around Mars. The Mars Global Surveyor would act as a relay in order to send the data collected back to Earth. The two sections of the probe were designed to remain connected via a data cable.^[3]

Mission failure

The probes reached Mars apparently without incident, but communication was never established after landing. It is not known what the cause of failure was. The crash review board^[4] suggests several possible causes for failure:

• the probe radio equipment had a low chance of surviving the impact.
• the probes may simply have hit ground which was too rocky for survival.
• The batteries on the probes, which had been charged prior to launch almost a year earlier, might not have retained sufficient power.^[5]

Deep Space 2 penetrator   DS2 functional animation   DS2 probe components

See also

• Exploration of Mars

Notes

1. ^ Phil Davis; Kirk Munsell (23 January 2009). "Missions to Mars: Mars Polar Lander - Key Dates". Solar System Exploration. NASA. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=MPL. Retrieved 2009-04-22. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Davis, Phil; Munsell, Kirk (January 23, 2009). "Missions to Mars: Deep Space 2 - Key Dates". Solar System Exploration. NASA. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Mars&MCode=DS2. Retrieved July 8, 2009. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Deep Space 2 (DEEPSP2)". NSSDC Master Catalog. NASA - National Space Science Data Center. 2000. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=DEEPSP2. Retrieved July 8, 2009. 
4. ^ "Report on the Loss of the Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 Missions". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 22 March 2000. ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/reports/2000/2000_mpl_report_1.pdf. 
5. ^ Young, Thomas (March 14, 2000). Mars Program Independent Assessment Team Summary Report. Draft #7 3/13/00. House Science and Technology Committee. http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=1444. Retrieved April 22, 2009. 

References

• Michael C. Malin (July 2005). "Hidden in Plain Sight: Finding Martian Landers". Sky and Telescope 110 (7): 42–46. ISSN 00376604. 
• "Press Kit: 1998 Mars Missions" (.PDF) (Press release). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. December 8, 1998. http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/files/misc/mars98launch.pdf. Retrieved April 22, 2009. 

External links

• Deep Space 2 website at JPL