- Catalan literature
Catalan literature is the name conventionally used to refer to
literature written in theCatalan language . The Catalan literary tradition is extensive, starting in theMiddle Ages .A Romantic revivalist movement of the 19th century,Renaixença , classified Catalan literature in periods. The centuries long chapter known as "Decadència" that followed the golden age of Valencian literature, was perceived as extremely poor and lacking literary works of quality. Further attempts to explain why this happened (seeHistory of Catalonia ) have motivated new critical studies of the period, and nowadays a revalorisation of this early modern age is taking place. Catalan literature reemerged in the 19th century and early 20th century, to experience troubled times from the start of theSpanish Civil War on. Many intellectuals were forced into exile and Catalan culture couldn't find its place in Catalonia until the restoration of democracy.Middle Ages
Origins
Catalan, a
romance language , evolved fromVulgar Latin in theMiddle Ages , when it became a separate language from Latin. Literary use of the Catalan language is generally said to have started with the religious text known asHomilies d'Organyà , written late in either late 11th or early 12th century, though the earlier "Cançó de Santa Fe ", from 1054–76, may be Catalan orOccitan . Another early Catalan poem is the mid-thirteenth century "Augats, seyós qui credets Déu lo Payre ", a "planctus Mariae" (lament of Mary).Ramon Llull (13th century), one of the major medieval writers in the Catalan language is not only saluted for starting a Catalan literary tradition clearly separated from theOccitan -speaking world of the time, but also credited with enriching the language with his coining of a large number of words, and hisphilosophy . SeeLlibre de Meravelles (including the famedLlibre de les bèsties ) andBlanquerna (includingLlibre d'Amic e Amat ) for more details on his works."Les quatre grans cròniques"
These four major literary works are chronicles written between the 13th and 14th centuries narrating the deeds of the monarchs and leading figures of the
Crown of Aragon . They're the following:
*Crònica de Jaume I , also known as "The book of deeds" (see External links)
*Crònica de Bernat Desclot , also known as "Book of the king, Peter of Aragon".
*Crònica de Ramon Muntaner
*Crònica de Pere el Cerimoniós Lyric poetry
The first widespread vernacular writing in any Romance language was the
lyric poetry of thetroubadours , who composed inOccitan . Since Occitan and Catalan are often indistinguishable before the fourteenth century, it is not surprising that many Catalans composed in the Occitan poetic koiné. The first Catalan troubadour ("trobadors") may beBerenguier de Palazol , active around 1150, who wrote only "cansos" (love songs in the courtly tradition).Guerau de Cabrera andGuillem de Berguedan , active in the generation after, were noted exponents of the "ensenhamen " and "sirventes " genres respectively. During this early period Occitan literature was patronised by the rulers of Catalonia—not surprisingly considering their wide involvement in Occitanian politics and asCounts of Provence . Alfonso II patronised many composers, not just from Catalonia, and even wrote Occitan poetry himself. The tradition of royal troubadours continued with his descendants Peter IIIJames II of Aragon , the anonymous known only as "Lo bord del rei d'Arago ", and Frederick II of Sicily. The most prolific Catalan troubadour during the ascendancy of Occitan as language of literature, wasCerverí de Girona , who left behind more than one hundred works. He was the most prolific troubadour of any nationality.In the early thirteenth century
Raimon Vidal , fromBesalú , composed his poetic grammar, the "Razos de trobar" ("Purposes of Composition"). This was the earliest and perhaps most influential Occitan lyric treatise. The troubadour lyric followed the Catalans to Sicily later in the century, whereJaufre de Foixa composed a "Regles de trobar" ("Rules for Composing") modelled on Vidal's earlier work. A third Catalan treatise on the language of the troubadours and composing lyric poetry, the "Mirall de trobar" ("Mirror of Composition"), was written by aMajorca n,Berenguer d'Anoia .Tirant lo Blanc
Written by
Joanot Martorell , this epic romance was among its time's most influential novels, and possibly the last major book in Catalan literature until the 19th century.Modern Era
La Decadència
The early modern period (late 15th-18th centuries), while extremely productive for Castilian writers of the
Siglo de Oro , has been termed "La Decadència", the "decadent" period in Catalan literature because of a general falling into disuse of the vernacular language in cultural contexts and lack ofpatronage among the nobility, even in lands of the Catalan-Aragonese Empire, which led to a cultural void. The Catalan-language decadence accompany the Catalan commercial influence in theSpanish Empire , in which the use of Spanish language was essential, and overall neglect for the Crown of Aragon's institutions after the dynastic union of Castile andAragon that resulted from the marriage ofFerdinand II of Aragon andIsabella I of Castile , a union finalized in 1474. This is, however, a Romantic view made popular by writers and thinkers of thenational awakening period known asRenaixença , in the 19th century. This presumed state of decadence is being contested with the appearance of recent cultural and literary studies showing there were indeed works of note in the period.Renaixença
The first Romantics in
Catalonia and theBalearic Islands chose Spanish as their language, and wouldn't resort to using theCatalan language until anational awakening movement, kickstarted byRomantic nationalism , appeared. The foundation of the basis of the movement is most often credited toBonaventura Carles Aribau with his "Oda a la Pàtria ". "Renaixença" or "rebirth". Literary Renaixença shares withEurope anRomanticism most of its traits, but created a style of its own through its admiration of theMiddle Ages and its will to embellish the language and the need create a new common standard.Realism and naturalism deeply influenced later authors. Its most important adherent was indeedJacint Verdaguer , who pennedCatalonia 'snational epic .Modernisme
Literary Catalan
modernisme was the natural follow-up of Renaixença, still showing Romantic traits and influences while focusing on dark themes, such as violence or the dark side of life and nature. As for poetry, it closely followed the style of Parnassians and Symbolists. The movement was subdivided into authors in whose work prevailed darker decadentist themes, classed under the name "Bohèmia Negra", and those whose career embracedAestheticism , known as participants of "Bohèmia Daurada" or "Bohèmia Rosa".Santiago Rusiñol ,Joan Maragall andJoan Puig i Ferreter were some of its most influential adherents.Noucentisme
The cultural and political movement known as
Noucentisme appeared in the early 20th century, a time of great economic growth inCatalonia , as a mostlyconservative reaction againstModernisme and theAvantgarde , both inart andthought . ItsClassicism as a "return tobeauty " and the love of elaborated form, along with its much sought perfection of language, was accused by "modernistes" of being excessively affected and artificial. Poetry was its preferred genre, as evidenced byJosep Carner orCarles Riba 's masterpices.Twentieth Century
After what seemed to be a period of hope and rapid growth, the
Spanish Civil War andFrancisco Franco 's regime forced many Catalan intellectuals intoexile , as many of them faced persecution and the public usage of the Catalan language, as well as national symbols and many aspects of culture at large, became illegal. Catalan literature had to develop mostly abroad until the later years of the dictatorship. After the transition to democracy and the return of theGeneralitat (the Catalan government) from their exile, literary life and the editorial market have returned to normality and literary production in Catalan is being bolstered with a number of language policies intended to protect culture. Relevant 20th century writers of the Francoist and democracy periods includeMercè Rodoreda ,Salvador Espriu ,Manuel de Pedrolo orQuim Monzó .List of Catalan-language writers
*
Joan Alcover
*Gabriel Alomar
*Sebastià Juan Arbó
*Xavier Benguerel
*Prudenci Bertrana
*Blai Bonet
*Carles Bosch de la Trinxeria
*Joan Brossa
*Pere Calders
*Josep Carner
*Víctor Català
*Jordi Casanovas
*Miquel Costa i Llobera
*Francesc Eiximenis
*Salvador Espriu
*Vicent Andrés Estellés
*Gabriel Ferrater
*Josep Vicenç Foix
*Josep Maria Folch i Torres
*Francesc Fontanella
*Jaume Fuster
*Joan Fuster
*Martí Joan de Galba
*Jordi Galceran
*Tomàs Garcés
*Martí Genís i Aguilar
*Adrià Gual
*Àngel Guimerà
*Francesc Vicent Garcia
*Ignasi Iglésias
*Maria de la Pau Janer
*Manuel de Pedrolo
*Josep Pla
*Gaziel
*Guerau de Liost
*Miquel Llor
*Ramon Llull
*Joan Maragall
*Ausiàs March
*Joan Margarit
*Miquel Martí i Pol
*Joanot Martorell
*Bernat Metge
*Terenci Moix
*Jesús Moncada
*Quim Monzó
*Ramon Muntaner
*Joan Oliver
*Maria-Antònia Oliver
*Narcís Oller
*Eugeni d'Ors
*Miquel de Palol
*Teresa Pàmies
*Sergi Pàmies
*Joan Perucho
*Josep Pin i Soler
*Baltasar Porcel i Pujol
*Josep Pous i Pagès
*Joan Puig i Ferreter
*Frederic Pujulà i Vallés
*Pere Quart
*Joan Ramis i Ramis
*Carles Riba
*Mercè Rodoreda
*Jaume Roig
*Montserrat Roig
*Josep Romaguera
*Bartomeu Rosselló-Pòrcel
*Santiago Rusiñol
*Joaquim Ruyra
*Josep Maria de Sagarra
*Joan Salvat-Papasseit
*Joan Sales
*Jaume Subirana
*Màrius Torres
*Jacint Verdaguer External links
General
* [http://www.lletra.net Lletra. Catalan Literature Online]
* [http://www.bl.uk/collections/westeuropean/catalan.html Catalan literature at the British Library website]
* [http://cultura.gencat.net/ilc/literaturacatalana800/en/popup222080.htm Relazioni fra la cultura catalana e quella italiana]E-books
* [http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/jaume_forster.pdf James I the Conqueror's Chronicle (in English)]
* [http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/muntaner_goodenough.pdf Muntaner's Chronicle (in English)]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/378 Tirant lo Blanc (in English)]References
*Comas, Antoni. "La decadència". Sant Cugat del Vallès: A. Romero, 1986.
*Elliott, J.H. "Imperial Spain 1469-1716". London: Penguin, 2002.
*Riquer, Martí de. "Història de la literatura catalana". 6 vols. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1980.
*Rossich, Albert. "És valid avui el concepte de decadència de la cultura catalana de l'època moderna? Es pot identificar decadència amb castellanizació?" "Manuscrits" 15 (1997), 127-34.
*Terry, Arthur. "A Companion to Catalan Literature". Woodbridge, Suffolk, U.K. / Rochester, N.Y.: Tamesis, 2003.
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