- Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)
Infobox Military Unit
unit_name= Fourteenth Army
caption=
dates= 1943 - 1945
country=United Kingdom
allegiance=
branch=British Army British Indian Army
type=
role=
size=
command_structure=
garrison=
equipment=
current_commander=
ceremonial_chief=
colonel_of_the_regiment=
notable_commanders= Field Marshal Sir William Slim
identification_symbol=
identification_symbol_2=
nickname= "The Forgotten Army"
patron=
motto=
colors=
march=
mascot=
battles=Burma Campaign
anniversaries=
decorations=
battle_honours= BurmaThe British Fourteenth Army was a multinational force comprising units from Commonwealth countries during
World War II . Many of its units were from the Indian Army as well as British units and there were also significant contributions from West andEast Africa n divisions within theBritish Army .It was often referred to as the "Forgotten Army" because its operations in the
Burma Campaign were overlooked by the contemporary press, and remained more obscure than those of the corresponding formations in Europe for long after the war.History
Creation
The army was formed in 1943 in eastern
India . With the creation ofSouth East Asia Command in late 1943, theEastern Army of India which formerly controlled operations against the Japanese Army in Burma and also had large rear-area responsibilities, was split into two. "Eastern Command" (reporting to GHQ India) took over the rear areas ofBihar ,Orissa and most ofBengal . Fourteenth Army, part of theBritish 11th Army Group , became responsible for operations against the Japanese.The Army's commander was Lieutenant General William Slim. Its principal subordinate formations were
Indian IV Corps inAssam andIndian XV Corps inArakan . During the early part of 1944, the Army also had loose operational control over the American and ChineseNorthern Combat Area Command , and theChindits operating behind enemy lines under Major GeneralOrde Wingate .Defending India
In early 1944, the Allies began tentative advances into Burma. The Japanese responded with all-out offensives, intending to destroy the Allies in their base areas.
The first Japanese move was a subsidiary attack in Arakan where XV Corps was advancing slowly south. After initial Allied setbacks, in which an Indian divisional HQ was overrun, the surrounded units defeated the Japanese at the
Battle of the Admin Box . A vital factor was the resupply of cut-off units by aircraft.The main Japanese offensive was launched on the central front in Assam. While a division advanced to Kohima to isolate IV Corps, the main body attempted to surround and destroy IV Corps at Imphal. Since the Japanese attack in Arakan had already failed, battle hardened units were flown from Arakan to aid the besieged forces in Assam. Also,
Indian XXXIII Corps was moved from southern India, where they had been training for amphibious operations, to relieve the garrison at Kohima and then push on to relieve Imphal.The result of the battles was a crushing Japanese defeat. The Japanese suffered 85,000 casualties, mainly from sickness and disease after their supplies ran out. The Allies had been continually supplied from the air, in the largest operation of its type to that date.
Retaking Burma
In 1945, amphibious operations to recapture Burma had to be cancelled once again because of shortage of resources. Instead, Fourteenth Army was to mount the main offensive. The Army was now subordinated to the headquarters of Allied Land Forces, South East Asia (ALFSEA), and consisted of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps. Since the Army's supply lines by land were long and precarious, air supply was once again to be vital.
The Japanese attempted to forestall the Allied attacks by withdrawing behind the
Irrawaddy River . Fourteenth Army was nevertheless able to change its axis of advance. IV Corps, spearheaded by armoured and motorised units, crossed the river downstream of the main Japanese forces and seized the vital logistic and communications centre ofMeiktila . As the Japanese attempted to recapture Meiktila, XXXIII Corps capturedMandalay , the former capital which was of major significance to theBurman population. The result of theBattle of Central Burma was the destruction of most of the Japanese units in Burma, which allowed the subsequent pursuit.Fourteenth Army now advanced south. While XXXIII Corps advanced down the Irrawaddy River, IV Corps made the main effort along the Sittang River, covering 200 miles (320 km) in a month. It was vital to capture
Rangoon , the capital and principal port of Burma, to allow the Army to be supplied during the monsoon. In the event, IV Corps was held up 40 miles (64 km) north of Rangoon by sacrificial Japanese rearguards, but their advance caused the Japanese to abandon Rangoon, which was occupied after an unopposed amphibious landing (codenamedOperation Dracula ) on 2 May.The Fourteenth Army was supported by the
Women's Auxiliary Service (Burma) who provided a canteen service for the troops of Burma Command and moved down through the country with the Army.End of the War
Shortly after the fall of Rangoon, the Army headquarters was relieved of responsibility for operations in Burma. A new Twelfth Army headquarters was formed from XXXIII Corps HQ and took over IV Corps. Fourteenth Army HQ now moved to Ceylon to plan operations to recapture Malaya and
Singapore . It controlled XV Corps and the newly-raisedIndian XXXIV Corps .General Slim was promoted to command Allied Land Forces South East Asia. Lieutenant General
Miles Dempsey was appointed to command Fourteenth Army.A seaborne landing on the west coast of Malaya, codenamed
Operation Zipper , was being prepared but was forestalled by the dropping of the atomic bombs onHiroshima and Nagasaki and the Japanese surrender. "Zipper" was nevertheless mounted unopposed as the quickest method of introducing troops to Malaya to enforce the surrender of the Japanese there and repatriate Allied prisoners of war.Fourteenth Army was renamed
Malaya Command on 1 November 1945.Commonwealth Army
The Fourteenth Army, like the Eighth Army, was made up from units that came from all corners of the Commonwealth. In 1945 not only was the Fourteenth Army the largest army in the Commonwealth, it was the largest single army in the world with about half a million men under the command of General Slim. [Frank Owen [http://www.burmastar.org.uk/slim.htm General Bill Slim] ,
Burma Star Association . Paragraph 8] Men of the 81st and 82nd West African and 11th East African Divisions served with great distinction. There were many units and formations from theBritish Army but the majority of the army was built around theBritish Indian Army , which was stated to be the largest all-volunteer army in history.Order of Battle
The Fourteenth Army was the
Second World War ’s largest Commonwealth Army, with nearly a million men by late 1944.At different periods of the Second World War it was composed of four corps:
*IV Corps
*XV Corps
*XXXIII Corps
*XXXIV CorpsA total of thirteen divisions served with the Army:
*2nd Infantry Division
*Indian 5th Infantry Division
*Indian 7th Infantry Division
*11th (East African) Infantry Division
*Indian 17th Infantry Division
*Indian 19th Infantry Division
*Indian 20th Infantry Division
*Indian 23rd Infantry Division
*Indian 25th Infantry Division
*Indian 26th Infantry Division
*36th Infantry Division
*81st (West Africa) Infantry Division
*82nd (West Africa) Infantry DivisionSome smaller fighting formations also served:
*50th Parachute Brigade (India)
*268 Indian Motor Brigade
*Lushai Brigade
*28 Infantry Brigade (East Africa) Also serving with the 14th Army were a range of army, corps and divisional units not organic to the combat divisions.
Notes and memorials
:"When you go home don't worry about what to tell your loved ones and friends about service in Asia. No one will know where you were, or where it is if you do. You are, and will remain "The Forgotten Army." ― attributed to General Slim.
The beautiful War Cemetery in Kohima has the famous inscription "When You Go Home, Tell Them Of Us And Say, For Their Tomorrow, We Gave Our Today" — The
Kohima Epitaph is attributed toJohn Maxwell Edmonds (1875 -1958), and is thought to have been inspired by the epitaph of Simonides written by Simonides to honour the Spartans who fell at theBattle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. [ [http://www.burmastar.org.uk/epitaph.htm The Kohima 2nd Division Memorial] ]Footnotes
Further reading
* Louis Allen, "Burma: The Longest War, 1941-45", London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000.
*George MacDonald Fraser . "Quartered Safe Out Here: Recollections of the War in Burma". London: Harper Collins (1995). (Fraser, author of theFlashman series of historical novels, writes vividly of his service in the Burma campaigns of 1944-45, and of the soldiers he served with.)
* Michael Hickey, "The Unforgettable Army: Slim's XIVth Army in Burma", Stroud: Spellmount, 1998.
*Jon Latimer , "Burma: The Forgotten War", London: John Murray, 2004.
* Robert Lyman, "Slim, Master of War", London: Constable and Robinson, 2004.
*William Slim , "Defeat into Victory", London: Cassell, 1956.
* Julian Thompson, "The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Burma 1942-1945", London: Pan Macmillan, 2003.
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