Ski jumping

"Ski jump" redirects here. For the element of an aircraft carrier's flight deck, see Flight Deck#Ski-jump ramp.

Ski jumping

Letalnica Bratov Gorišek in Planica, Slovenia
Highest governing body	International Ski Federation
First played	1808 Eidsberg, Norway
Characteristics
Team members	Individual or groups
Olympic	2010

Ski jumping facility in Einsiedeln, Switzerland

The Ski Jumping Complex in Pragelato during the 2006 Winter Olympics of Turin.

Ski jumping is a sport in which skiers go down a take-off ramp, jump and attempt to land as far as possible down the hill below. In addition to the length of the jump, judges give points for style. The skis used for ski jumping are wide and long (260 to 275 centimetres (100 to 108 in)). Ski jumping is predominantly a winter sport, performed on snow, and is part of the Winter Olympic Games, but can also be performed in summer on artificial surfaces – porcelain or frost rail track on the inrun, plastic on the landing hill.

History

True ski jumping originates in Morgedal, Norway. Olaf Rye, a Norwegian lieutenant, was the first known ski jumper. In 1809, he launched himself 9.5 metres in the air in front of an audience of other soldiers. By 1862, ski jumpers were tackling much larger jumps and traveling longer. Norway's Sondre Norheim jumped 30 metres over a rock without the benefit of poles. His record stood for three decades. The first proper competition was held in Trysil. The first widely known ski jumping competition was the Husebyrennene, held in Oslo in 1879, with Olaf Haugann of Norway setting the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 metres.^[1] The annual event was moved to Holmenkollen from 1892, and Holmenkollen has remained the pinnacle of ski jumping venues.

According to the International Olympic Committee's site^[2]:

Ski jumping has been part of the Olympic Winter Games since the first Games in Chamonix Mont-Blanc in 1924. The Large Hill competition was included on the Olympic programme for the 1964 Olympic Games in Innsbruck.

Competition

Today, FIS Ski Jumping World Cup are held on three types of hills:

Normal hill competitions

for which the calculation line is found at approximately 80–100 metres (260–330 ft). Distances of up to and over 110 metres (360 ft) can be reached.

Large hill competitions

for which the calculation line is found at approximately 120–130 metres (390–430 ft). Distances of over 145 metres (476 ft) can be obtained on the larger hills. Both individual and team competitions are run on these hills.

Ski-flying competitions

for which the calculation line is found at 185 metres (607 ft). The Ski Flying World Record of 246.5 metres (809 ft) is held by Johan Remen Evensen, and was set in Vikersundbakken, Norway in February 2011.

Amateur and junior competitions are held on smaller hills.

Individual Olympic competition consists of a training jump and two scored jumps. The team event consists of four members of the same nation, who each jump twice.

Ski jumping is one of the two elements of the Nordic combined sport.

Summer jumping

Ski jumping can also be performed in the summer on a porcelain track and plastic grass combined with water. There are also many competitions during the summer. The World Cup (Summer Grand Prix) often includes those hills:

• Hinterzarten K-95
• Courchevel K-120
• Einsiedeln K-105
• Klingenthal K-125
• Zakopane K-120
• Hakuba K-120
• Pragelato K-125
• Liberec K-120
• Kranj K-100
• Wisla K-120
• Szczyrk K-90
• Hinzenbach K-85
• Almaty K-120
• Örnsköldsvik K-90

Ski jumping Fis-Cup and Continental Cup also have summer competitions and even more than the World Cup.

Women's ski jumping

On 26 May 2006, the International Ski Federation decided to allow women to ski jump at the 2009 Nordic World Ski Championships in Liberec, Czech Republic and then to have a team event for women at the 2011 world championships. FIS also decided to submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to allow women to compete at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.^[3]

On 28 November 2006, the proposal for a women's ski jumping event was rejected by the Executive Board of the IOC. The reason for the rejection cited the low number of athletes as well as few participating countries in the sport. The Executive Board noted that women's ski jumping has yet to be fully established internationally.^[4] Jacques Rogge, president of the International Olympic Committee stated that women's ski jumping will not be an Olympic event because "we do not want the medals to be diluted and watered down," referring to the relatively small number of potential competitors in women's ski jumping.^[5]

It has been noted that while the number of women in ski jumping is not insignificant, the field has a much wider spread in terms of talent, in that the top men are all of a similar level of strength competitively, while the women are more varied, even in the top tiers.^[6]

A group of 15 competitive female ski jumpers filed a suit against the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC) claiming that conducting a men's ski jumping event without a women's event in the Vancouver Winter Olympics in 2010 would be in direct violation of Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.^[7] The arguments associated with this suit were argued 20 to 24 April 2009 and a judgment came down on June 10, 2009 against the ski jumpers. The judge ruled that although the women were being discriminated against,^[8] the issue is a International Olympic Committee responsibility and thus not governed by the charter. It further ruled that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms does not apply to VANOC.^[9] Three British Columbia judges unanimously denied an appeal on November 13, 2009. The American actress and documentary film producer Virginia Madsen has chronicled the Canadian team's efforts in a film called Fighting Gravity (2009).^[10]

On April 6, 2011 the International Olympic Committee officially accepted women ski jumping into the official Olympic program for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.^[11]

Records

All Pre-World Cup, Olympic Games, World Championships & World Cup events are included. (As of 20 March 2011)

Category	Ski Jumper	Record	Date/Year
Olympic Games (1924-2010)
most individual victories	Simon Ammann	4	2002–2010
all medals	Matti Nykänen	5	1984–1988
most team victories	Finland Team	2	1988–1992
	Germany Team	2	1994–2002
	Austria Team	2	2006–2010
most team medals	Austria Team	5	1992–2010
youngest winner individual (Albertville)	Toni Nieminen	16 y, 261 d	1992
oldest winner individual (Lillehammer)	Jens Weißflog	29 y, 214 d	1994
by No. of Olympic appearances	Noriaki Kasai	6	1992–2010
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (1925-2011)
most individual victories	Adam Małysz	4	2001–2007
most individual medals	Adam Małysz	6	2001–2011
all medals	Janne Ahonen	10	1995–2005
	Martin Schmitt	10	1997–2011
most team victories	Austria Team	8	1984–2011
most team medals	Austria Team	14	1984–2011
youngest winner individual (Thunder Bay)	Tommy Ingebrigtsen	17 y, 222 d	1995
oldest winner individual (Liberec)	Andreas Küttel	29 y, 308 d	2009
by No. of Championships appearances	Noriaki Kasai	10	1989–2009
FIS Ski-Flying World Championships (1972-2010)
most individual victories	Walter Steiner	2	1972–1977
	Sven Hannawald	2	2000–2002
	Roar Ljøkelsøy	2	2004–2006
most individual medals	Matti Nykänen	5	1983–1990
all medals	Janne Ahonen	7	1996–2008
most team victories	Norway Team	2	2004–2006
	Austria Team	2	2008–2010
most team medals	Norway Team	4	2004–2010
	Finland Team	4	2004–2010
youngest winner individual (Oberstdorf)	Gregor Schlierenzauer	18 y, 47 d	2008
oldest winner individual (Bad Mitterndorf)	Roar Ljøkelsøy	29 y, 228 d	2006
by No. of Championships appearances	Janne Ahonen	9	1994–2010
Four Hills Tournament (1952-2011)
most overall victories	Janne Ahonen	5	1999–2008
most individual victories	Jens Weißflog	10	1983–1996
youngest winner individual (Oberstdorf)	Toni Nieminen	16 y, 212 d	29 December 1991
oldest winner individual (Bischofshofen)	Jens Weißflog	31 y, 169 d	6 January 1996
youngest winner overall	Toni Nieminen	16 y, 220 d	1991–92
oldest winner overall	Jens Weißflog	31 y, 169 d	1995–96
World Cup (1979-2011)
most overall wins	Matti Nykänen	4	1983–1988
	Adam Małysz	4	2001–2007
most individual victories	Matti Nykänen	46	1981–1989
most individual podiums	Janne Ahonen	108	1993–2010
most individual Top 10 results	Janne Ahonen	245	1993–2011
most team victories	Austria team	23	1990–2011
most team medals	Austria team	45	1990–2011
most individual performances	Noriaki Kasai	396	1989-active
most team performances	Noriaki Kasai	39	1990-active
all performances	Noriaki Kasai	435	1989-active
most seasons	Noriaki Kasai	22	1989-active
most ski-flying individual victories	Gregor Schlierenzauer	10	2006-active
youngest winner individual (Lahti)	Steve Collins	15 y, 362 d	9 March 1980
oldest winner individual (Kuopio)	Takanobu Okabe	38 y, 135 d	10 March 2009
youngest winner overall	Toni Nieminen	16 y, 303 d	1991-92
oldest winner overall	Adam Małysz	29 y, 112 d	2006-07
most wins in one season individual	Gregor Schlierenzauer	13	2008-09
most points in one season individual	Gregor Schlierenzauer	2083 (points)	2008-09
Other records (all times)
first jump over 100m (Planica)	Sepp Bradl	101m	1936
first jump over 200m (Planica)	Andreas Goldberger (fall, invalid)	202m*	1994
	Toni Nieminen (official)	203m	1994
most jumps over 200m	Adam Małysz	114	1995-2011
world record (Vikersund)	Johan Remen Evensen	246.5m	2011
first World Cup individual event	Cortina d'Ampezzo	December	1979
first World Cup team event	Lahti	March	1990

Scoring

The winner is decided on a scoring system based on distance, style, inrun length and wind conditions.

Each hill has a target called the calculation point (or K point or "critical point") which is a par distance to aim for. It is also the place where many jumpers land, in the middle of the landing area. This point is marked by the K line on the landing strip. For K-90 and K-120 competitions, the K line is at 90 metres (300 ft) and 120 metres (390 ft) respectively. Skiers are awarded 60 points if they land on the K Line. Skiers not landing on the K Line receive or lose points for every metre (3 ft) they miss the mark by, depending on if they surpass it or fall short, respectively. Thus, it is possible for a jumper to get a negative score if the jump is way short of the K line with poor style marks (typically a fall). The value of a metre is determined from the size of the hill. The K point is the point on the hill where the slope begins to flatten as measured from the take off.

In addition, five judges are based in a tower to the side of the expected landing point. They can award up to 20 points each for style based on keeping the skis steady during flight, balance, good body position, and landing. The highest and lowest style scores are disregarded, with the remaining three scores added to the distance score. Thus, a perfectly scored K-120 jump - with at least four of the judges awarding 20 points each - and the jumper landing on the K-point, is awarded a total of 120 points.

In January 2010, a new scoring system was introduced to compensate for variable outdoor conditions. Aerodynamics and take-off speed are important variables that determine the value of a jump, and if weather conditions change during a competition, the conditions will not be equal for everyone and thus unfair. The jumper will now receive or lose points if the inrun length is adjusted. An advanced calculation also determines plus/minus points for the actual wind conditions at the time of the jump. These points are added or withdrawn from the original scores from the jump itself.

In the individual event, the scores from each skier's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner.

Rules

Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalized with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximize the distance they can jump.^[12]

Technique

The ski jump is divided into four separate sections; 1) In-run, 2) Take-off (jump), 3) Flight and 4) Landing. In each part the athlete is required to pay attention to and practice a particular technique in order to maximise the outcome of ultimate length and style marks.

Using the modern V-technique, pioneered by Jan Boklöv of Sweden in 1985, world-class skiers are able to exceed the distance of the take-off hill by about 10% compared to the previous technique with parallel skis. Aerodynamics has become a factor of increasing importance in modern ski jumping, with recent rules addressing the regulation of ski jumping suits. This follows a period when loopholes in the rules seemed to favour skinny jumpers in stiff, air foil-like suits.

Previous techniques first included the Kongsberger technique, developed in Kongsberg, Norway by two ski jumpers, Jacob Tullin Thams and Sigmund Ruud following World War I. This technique had the upper body bent at the hip, a wide forward lean, and arms extended to the front with the skis parallel to each other. It would lead to jumping length going from 45 meters to over 100 meters. In the 1950s Andreas Daescher of Switzerland and Erich Windisch of Germany modified the Kongsberger technique by placing his arms backward toward his hips for a closer lean. The Daescher technique and Windisch technique were the standard for ski jumping from the 1950s.

Until the mid 1970s, the Ski jumper would come down the in-run of the hill with both arms pointing forwards. This changed when the former East German Ski jumper Jochen Danneberg introduced the new in-run technique of directing the arms backwards in a more aerodynamic position.

The landing requires the skiers to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style. This involves the jumper landing with one foot in front of the other, mimicking the style of the Norwegian inventors of Telemark skiing. Failure to comply with this regulation will lead to the deduction of style marks (points).

Popularity

Ski jumping is popular among spectators and TV audiences in Scandinavia and Central Europe. Almost all world-class ski jumpers come from those regions or from Japan. Traditionally, the strongest countries are Finland, Norway, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Japan. However, there have always been successful ski jumpers from other countries as well (see list below). The Four Hills Tournament, held annually at four sites in Bavaria, Germany and Austria around New Year's, is very popular.

There have been attempts to spread the popularity of the sport by finding ways by which the construction and upkeep of practicing and competition venues can be made easier. These include plastic fake snow to provide a slippery surface even during the summer time and in locations where snow is a rare occurrence.

Ski flying

List of ski flying hills

Hill name	Location	Opened	K-point	Hill size	Hill record
Vikersundbakken	Vikersund, Norway	1936	K-195	HS 225	246.5 metres (809 ft)
Letalnica Bratov Gorišek	Planica, Slovenia	1969	K-185	HS 215	239.0 metres (784.1 ft)
Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze	Oberstdorf, Germany	1950	K-185	HS 213	225.5 metres (740 ft)
Čerťák	Harrachov, Czech Republic	1979	K-185	HS 205	215.5 metres (707 ft)
Kulm	Bad Mitterndorf, Austria	1950	K-185	HS 200	215.5 metres (707 ft)
Copper Peak	Ironwood, Michigan, United States	1969	K-145	-	158.0 metres (518.4 ft)

Ski flying is an extreme version of ski jumping. The events take place in big hills with a K-spot of at least 185 metres (607 ft). The difference between ski flying and "regular" ski jumping is subtle, but ski flying puts more focus on the ability to float through the air and less on pure jumping ability. Nonetheless, most of the top competitors in "regular" ski jumping tend to be among the best in ski flying competitions as well. However, some jumpers, such as Martin Koch of Austria, Johan Remen Evensen from Norway and Slovenia's Robert Kranjec are regarded as ski flying specialists.

The "father" of ski flying is Janez Gorišek, an engineer, sportsman and enthusiastic sport-promoter who designed the Planica ski-jump. There are five ski flying hills in the world today: Vikersundbakken in Vikersund, Norway; Oberstdorf, Germany; Kulm Austria; Letalnica, Planica, Slovenia; and Harrachov, Czech Republic. A sixth hill, Copper Peak in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, is currently disused, although there are plans to rebuild it to FIS standards.^[13] There are plans for more ski flying hills, even for an indoor ski flying hill in Ylitornio, Finland. The biggest hill is Vikersundbakken in Vikersund.

It is possible to fly more than 200 metres (660 ft) in all the ski flying hills, and the current World Record is 246.5 metres (809 ft), set by Norwegian Johan Remen Evensen at Vikersund in 2011.

The Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS) Ski flying World Championships started in 1972 and have been held on a mainly biennial basis, although there have been several occasions where events were held annually. The 2010 FIS World Championships in skiflying were organised in Planica, and in 2012 the FIS World Championships will take place in Vikersund, Norway.

Record number of official jumps over 200m

Rank	Ski Jumper	#
1.	Adam Małysz (POL)	114
2.	Robert Kranjec (SLO)	108
3.	Matti Hautamäki (FIN)	104
4.	Martin Koch (AUT)	103
5.	Bjørn Einar Romøren (NOR)	101
...	Thomas Morgenstern (AUT)	97
...	Simon Ammann (SUI)	86
...	Gregor Schlierenzauer (AUT)	64

• As of 20 March 2011.

Notable ski jumpers

The most notable ski jumpers may be considered those who have managed to show a perfect jump, which means that all five judges attributed the maximum style score of 20 points for their jumps.

So far only 5 jumpers are recorded to have achieved this:

Name	Date	Location	Competition	Rank
Anton Innauer	7 March 1976[14]	Oberstdorf	Ski flying (International ski flying weeks)	1
Kazuyoshi Funaki	15 February 1998[15]	Nagano	Olympic Winter Games, large hill, second jump	1
Sven Hannawald	8 February 2003[16]	Willingen	Worldcup competition, large hill, first jump	1
Hideharu Miyahira	8 February 2003[16]	Willingen	Worldcup competition, large hill, second jump	6
Wolfgang Loitzl	6 January 2009[17]	Bischofshofen	Four Hills Jumping, large hill, first jump	1

Sven Hannawald and Wolfgang Loitzl were attributed four times 20 (plus another 19,5) style score points for their second jump, thus receiving nine times the maximum score of 20 points within one competition.

Other notable ski jumpers can be found in the following lists:

• Winners of the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
• Winners of Olympic Winter Games / Ski Jumping
• Winners of Nordic World Ski Championships / Ski Jumping
• Winners of the Four Hill Jumping

Male

The view from the top of the ski jump in Salt Lake City, Utah for the 2002 Winter Olympics

The Lake Placid Olympic Ski Jumping Complex

Ski jumping facility in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Letalnica Bratov Gorišek (outrun)

Letalnica Bratov Gorišek (inrun)

Currently active

Country	Flag	Name
Austria		Martin Koch
		Andreas Kofler
		Gregor Schlierenzauer
		Thomas Morgenstern
		Wolfgang Loitzl
Czech Republic		Jakub Janda
		Roman Koudelka
		Borek Sedlák
		Antonín Hájek
		Lukáš Hlava
Finland		Janne Happonen
		Matti Hautamäki
		Ville Larinto
		Veli-Matti Lindström
Germany		Michael Neumayer
		Martin Schmitt
		Georg Späth
		Andreas Wank
		Pascal Bodmer
Italy		Sebastian Colloredo
		Andrea Morassi
		Roberto Dellasega
Japan		Noriaki Kasai
		Takanobu Okabe
		Kazuyoshi Funaki
		Daiki Ito
		Shōhei Tochimoto
Korea		Choi Heung-Chul
		Choi Yong-Jik
		Kim Hyun-Ki
		Kang Chil-Gu
Norway		Tom Hilde
		Anders Jacobsen
		Bjørn Einar Romøren
		Anders Bardal
		Johan Remen Evensen
Poland		Kamil Stoch
		Stefan Hula
		Krzysztof Miętus
		Marcin Bachleda
		Maciej Kot
		Dawid Kubacki
		Łukasz Rutkowski
		Rafał Śliż
Slovenia		Robert Kranjec
		Jernej Damjan
		Peter Prevc
		Rok Urbanc
		Juri Tepes
Switzerland		Simon Ammann
		Marco Grigoli
Russia		Denis Kornilov
		Dimitry Vassiliev
France		Emmanuel Chedal
USA		Nicholas Alexander
		Peter Frenette
Bulgaria		Vladimir Zografski

Female

• Anette Sagen
• Eva Ganster
• Lindsey Van
• Jessica Jerome
• Daniela Iraschko
• Elena Runggaldier
• Evelyn Insam
• Lisa Demetz
• Coline Mattel
• Anna Hafele
• Magdalena Schnurr
• Ulrike Grässler
• Line Jahr
• Jacqueline Seifriedsberger
• Juliane Seyfarth
• Eva Logar
• Maja Vtič
• Anja Tepeš
• Špela Rogelj
• Manja Pograjc

Unsuccessful

• / Vinko Bogataj - Best known as "The Agony of Defeat man" because of the constant use of footage of his spectacular tumble in the title sequence of ABC's Wide World of Sports
• Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards - Popular favourite at the 1988 Winter Olympics

Important venues

The second largest jump in the world, Letalnica Bratov Gorišek, in Planica, Slovenia

Ski jumping World Cup Engelberg, Switzerland Harrachov, Czech Republic Kranj, Slovenia Kulm, Austria Kuusamo, Finland Liberec, Czech Republic Planica, Slovenia Predazzo, Italy Sapporo, Japan Pragelato, Italy Trondheim (Granåsen), Norway Vikersund (Vikersundbakken), Norway            Villach, Austria Willingen, Germany Zakopane, Poland

Four Hills Tournament Oberstdorf, Germany Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Innsbruck (Bergisel), Austria Bischofshofen, Austria Nordic Tournament Lahti, Finland Kuopio (Puijo), Finland Lillehammer (Lysgårdsbakkene), Norway Oslo (Holmenkollbakken), Norway

National records

GDR stamp - Memorial for the Skijumper

Rank	Nation	Record holder	Length	Venue	Year	Skis
1.	Norway	Johan Remen Evensen	246.5 metres (809 ft)	Vikersund	2011	Elan
2.	Austria	Gregor Schlierenzauer	243.5 metres (799 ft)	Vikersund	2011	Fischer
3.	Finland	Janne Happonen	240 metres (790 ft)	Vikersund	2011	Fischer
4.	Switzerland	Simon Ammann	238.5 metres (782 ft)	Vikersund	2011	Fischer
5.	Czech Republic	Antonin Hajek	236 metres (774 ft)	Planica	2010	Fischer
6.	Slovenia	Robert Kranjec	232 metres (761 ft)	Vikersund	2011	Fischer
7.	Poland	Adam Małysz	230.5 metres (756 ft)	Vikersund	2011	Fischer
8.	Russia	Dimitri Vassiliev	228 metres (748 ft)	Planica	2005	Fischer
9.	Germany	Michael Neumayer	227.5 metres (746 ft)	Planica	2005	Atomic
10.	Japan	Noriaki Kasai	224 metres (735 ft)	Planica	2010	Fischer
11.	United States	Alan Alborn	221.5 metres (727 ft)	Planica	2002	Fischer
12.	France	Emmanuel Chedal	215.5 metres (707 ft)	Planica	2009	Fischer
13.	Italy	Andrea Morassi	215.5 metres (707 ft)	Planica	2011	Elan
14.	Sweden	Isak Grimholm	207.5 metres (681 ft)	Planica	2007	Elan
15.	Belarus	Petr Chaadaev	206.5 metres (677 ft)	-	-	-
16.	Kazakhstan	Radik Zhaparov	196.5 metres (645 ft)	Planica	2007	-
17.	Slovakia	Martin Mesik	195.5 metres (641 ft)	Kulm	2006	-
18.	Estonia	Jens Salumäe	195 metres (640 ft)	Planica	2004	-
19.	Canada	Stefan Read	191.5 metres (628 ft)	Planica	2007	Elan
20.	South Korea	Choi Heung-Chul	191 metres (627 ft)	-	-	Fischer
21.	Ukraine	Vitaliy Shumbarets	189.5 metres (622 ft)	Planica	2009	Elan
22.	Bulgaria	Petar Fartunov	175 metres (574 ft)	Planica	2009	-
23.	Netherlands	Christoph Kreuzer	162 metres (531 ft)	-	-	-
24.	Hungary	Gabor Geller	139 metres (456 ft)	-	-	-
25.	Turkey	Baris Demirci	123 metres (404 ft)	-	-	-
26.	Kyrgyzstan	Dmitry Chvykov	122 metres (400 ft)	-	-	-
27.	Romania	Florin Spulber	118 metres (387 ft)	-	-	-
28.	China	Tian Zhandong	118 metres (387 ft)	-	-	-
29.	United Kingdom	Glynn Pedersen	113.5 metres (372 ft)	-	-	-
30.	Georgia	Kakhaber Tsakadze	105 metres (344 ft)	-	-	-
31.	Moldova	Filipciuc Ivan	95 metres (312 ft)	-	-	-
32.	Wales	Mark Wayne Evans	85.5 metres (281 ft)	-	-	-
33.	Argentina	Ferdinand Gomez	78 metres (256 ft)	-	-	-
34.	Armenia	Sarahn Czizkabika	49.5 metres (162 ft)	Gibswil	2011	-
35.	Montenegro	Bozo Cvorovic	46 metres (151 ft)	Zabijak	-	-
35.	Tuvalu	Toaripi Tuilimu	11 metres (36 ft)	Gibswil	2012	-

Water ski jumping

See also: Water skiing

The ski jump is performed on two long skis similar to those a beginner uses, with a specialized tailfin that is somewhat shorter and much wider (so it will support the weight of the skier when he is on the jump ramp). Skiers towed behind a boat at fixed speed, maneuver to achieve the maximum speed when hitting a ramp floating in the water, launching themselves into the air with the goal of traveling as far as possible before touching the water. Professional ski jumpers can travel up to 70 metres (230 ft). The skier must successfully land and retain control of the ski rope to be awarded the distance.

An extreme version of this sport named Ski Flying was promoted by Scot Ellis and Jim Cara, in which boat speeds and ramp heights are boosted because physics have proved that the standard 75 feet (23 m) line and traditional 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) boat speed is outrun by the skier and the pro skier was ahead of the boat, being held back by the line.

See also

• Four Hills Tournament
• Freestyle skiing
• List of FIS Ski Jumping World Cup team medalists
• List of the longest ski jumps & World records
• Medicinernes Skiklub Svartor
• Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics
• Ski jumping World Cup
• Skiing and Skiing Topics

References

1. ^ Oslo – Huseby (Ski Jumping Hill Archive)
2. ^ "Ski Jumping". International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Sports/All-Sports/Skiing/Ski-Jumping/. 
3. ^ "FIS MEDIA INFO: Decisions of the 45th International Ski Congress in Vilamoura/Algarve (POR)". Fédération Internationale de Ski. 2006-05-26. http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/news/pressreleases/pressreleases2006/gacongressdecisions.html. Retrieved 2009-11-14. 
4. ^ IOC approves skicross; rejects women's ski jumping
5. ^ "Rogge: Women jumpers would dilute Olympics medals". CTV News. 2008-02-28. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080228/ski_jumping_080227/20080228/. Retrieved 2009-11-14. 
6. ^ Christa Case Bryant (2009-11-08). "Why women can't ski jump in the Winter Olympics". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/1109/p17s03-ussc.html. Retrieved 2009-11-14. 
7. ^ Cindy Chan (2009-04-29). "Female Ski Jumpers Seem Olympic Inclusion". Epoch Times. http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/16139/. Retrieved 2009-11-14. 
8. ^ Rod Mickelburgh (2009-07-10). "No female flight in 2010: B.C. court rejects ski jump bid". CTV Olympics. http://www.ctvolympics.ca/ski-jumping/news/newsid=12739.html#no+female+flight+2010?cid=rssctv. Retrieved 2009-11-14. 
9. ^ CBC News (2009-07-10). "Female ski jumpers lose Olympic battle". CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2009/07/10/bc-olympic-women-ski-jump-decision.html. Retrieved 2009-11-14. 
10. ^ Tatianan Siegel, "Virginia Madsen to defy 'Gravity'", Variety, Apr. 8, 2009
11. ^ Olympic.org
12. ^ For Ski Jumpers, a Sliding Scale of Weight, Distance and Health
13. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
14. ^ Vom Olymp zu den Fischen auf faz.net
15. ^ Australian Olympic Committee commenting the Olympic Winter Games of Nagano 1998
16. ^ ^{a b} FIS result list 8 February 2003, Rank 1 Hannawald, Rank 6 Miyahira (PDF-File, 379 kB)
17. ^ FIS result list 6 January 2009, Rank 1 Loitzl (PDF-File, 273 kB)

External links

• skijumping.de - Biggest German website about ski jumping
• skijumpingcentral.com A great English language ski jumping resource
• Olympic Ski Jumping History
• World's longest ski jump Bjørn Einar Romøren video
• International Ski Federation Scoring, rules, measurement of jumps, etc. can be found here.
• Norge Ski Club / Training area The oldest ski jumping club in the United States.