Carausian Revolt

The Carausian Revolt (286–296) was an episode in Roman history, during which a Roman naval commander, Carausius, declared himself emperor over Britain and northern Gaul. His Gallic territories were retaken by the western Caesar, Constantius Chlorus in 293, after which Carausius was assassinated by his subordinate Allectus. Britain was regained by Constantius and his subordinate Asclepiodotus in 296.

The revolt

Carausius, a Menapian of humble birth, rose through the ranks of the Roman military and was appointed to a naval command at Bononia (Boulogne), tasked with clearing the English Channel of Frankish and Saxon raiders. However, he was accused of collaborating with the pirates to enrich himself, and the western Augustus, Maximian, ordered him to be put to death. Carausius responded by declaring himself emperor in Britain. ["Panegyrici Latini" 8:6; Aurelius Victor, "Book of Caesars" [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html#39 39:20-21] ; Eutropius, "Abridgement of Roman History" [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#21 21] ; Orosius, "Seven Books of History Against the Pagans" [http://www.attalus.org/latin/orosius7A.html#25 7:25.2-4] ] His forces comprised not only his fleet, augmented by new ships he had built, and the three legions stationed in Britain, but a legion he had seized in Gaul, a number of foreign auxiliary units, a levy of Gaulish merchant ships, and barbarian mercenaries attracted by the prospect of booty. ["Panegyrici Latini" 8:12]

A panegyric delivered to Maximian in 288 or 289 [C. E. V. Nixon & Barbara Saylor Rodgers (ed & trans), "In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini", University of California Press, 1994, pp. 42-43] refers to the emperor preparing an invasion to oust Carausius. ["Panegyrici Latini" 10:12.1] A later panegyric to Constantius Chlorus says that this invasion failed due to bad weather, although Carausius claimed it as a military victory, ["Panegyrici Latini" 8:12.2] and Eutropius says that hostilities were in vain thanks to Carausius's military skill, and peace was agreed. [Eutropius, "Abridgement of Roman History" [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#22 22] ]

Carausius began to entertain visions of legitimacy and official recognition. He minted his own coins and brought their value in to line with Roman issues as well as acknowledging and honouring Maximian and then Diocletian. He appears to have appealed to native British dissatisfaction with Roman rule: he issued coins with legends such as "Restitutor Britanniae" (Restorer of Britain) and "Genius Britanniae" (Spirit of Britain). A milestone from Carlisle with his name on it suggests that the whole of Roman Britain was in Carausius' grasp. [Frere, "Britannia", p. 327-328]

The recovery of the Empire

In 293 Constantius Chlorus, now the western Caesar, isolated Carausius by retaking the territory he held in Gaul. He besieged the port of Bononia, building a mole across the harbour mouth to prevent the rebels from escaping by sea and ensure they could not receive maritime aid, and invaded Batavia in the Rhine delta, securing his rear against Carausius's Frankish allies. However, it was impossible to mount an invasion of Britain until a suitable fleet could be built. ["Panegyrici Latini" 6:5, 8.6-8] Carausius, who had been in power for seven years, was assassinated by his subordinate Allectus, who assumed command. ["Panegyrici Latini" 8:12; Aurelius Victor, "Book of Caesars" [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html#39 39.40] ; Eutropius, "Abridgement of Roman History" [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#22 22] ; Orosius, "Seven Books of History Against the Pagans" [http://www.attalus.org/latin/orosius7A.html#25 7:25.6] ]

Three years later, in 296, the reconquest of Britain began. With Maximian holding the Rhine frontier, Constantius divided his fleet into several divisions. He led one division himself from Bononia; another, sailing from Le Havre, was commanded by Asclepiodotus, prefect of the Praetorian Guard. ["Panegyrici Latini" 8:13-14; Aurelius Victor, "Book of Caesars" [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html#39 39.42] ; Eutropius, "Abridgement of Roman History" [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#22 22] ; Orosius, "Seven Books of History Against the Pagans" [http://www.attalus.org/latin/orosius7A.html#25 7:25.6] ] They set sail in poor weather, but fog allowed Asclepiodotus's ships to pass Allectus's fleet, stationed at the Isle of Wight, unseen. They landed in the vicinity of Southampton and burned their ships. The rebels were forced to retreat from the coast, but in doing so, fell into the hands of another division and were routed. Allectus himself was killed in the battle, having removed all insignia in the hope that his body would not be identified. ["Panegyrici Latini" 8:14-16] Archaeology suggests that Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester) was the site of his defeat. [Frere, "Britannia" p. 331] A group of Roman troops, who had been separated from the main body by the fog during the channel crossing, caught up with the remnants of Allectus's men, mostly Franks, at Londinium (London), and massacred them. ["Panegyrici Latini" 8:17] Constantius himself, it seems, did not reach Britain until it was all over, and the panegyrist claims he was welcomed by the Britons as a liberator. ["Panegyrici Latini" 8:19]

Medieval British legend

Carausius, Allectus, Asclepiodotus and Constantius appear in Geoffrey of Monmouth's "Historia Regum Britanniae" (1136) in distorted guise, as rulers of Britain. Here, Carausius is a native Briton who persuades the Romans to give him a naval command, and uses that to overthrow the king of Britain, Bassianus. The Romans send Allectus with three legions to remove him, but Allectus proves an oppressive ruler, and Asclepiodotus, here a duke of Cornwall, leads a popular uprising to depose him. He defeats Allectus near London, and besieges his last legion in the city. The Romans surrender on the condition they are allowed safe passage out of Britain, which Asclepiodotus grants, but his allies the Venedoti behead them and throw their heads in the river Gallobroc. Ten years later Asclepiodotus is deposed by Coel, duke of Colchester, for his part in the persecution of Christians under Diocletian. The Romans send Constantius to negotiate with him. Coel agrees to pay tribute to Rome and gives Constantius his daughter Helena in marriage, and upon his death Constantius becomes the new king of Britain. [Geoffrey of Monmouth, "Historia Regum Britanniae" ]

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