United States presidential election, 1936

Infobox Election
election_name = United States presidential election, 1936
country = United States
type = presidential
ongoing = no
previous_election = United States presidential election, 1932
previous_year = 1932
next_election = United States presidential election, 1940
next_year = 1940
election_date = November 3, 1936

nominee1 = Franklin D. Roosevelt
party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
home_state1 = New York
running_mate1 = John Nance Garner
electoral_vote1 = 523
states_carried1 = 46
popular_vote1 = 27,752,648
percentage1 = 60.8%

nominee2 = Alf Landon
party2 = Republican Party (United States)
home_state2 = Kansas
running_mate2 = Frank Knox
electoral_vote2 = 8
states_carried2 = 2
popular_vote2 = 16,681,862
percentage2 = 36.5%
map_

---

map_size = 400px
map_caption = Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Landon/Knox, Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt/Garner. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
title = President
before_election = Franklin D. Roosevelt
before_party = Democratic Party (United States)
after_election = Franklin D. Roosevelt
after_party = Democratic Party (United States)The United States presidential election of 1936 took place as the Great Depression entered its eighth year. Incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt was still working to push the provisions of his New Deal economic policy through Congress and the courts. However, the New Deal policies he had already enacted, such as Social Security and unemployment benefits, had proven to be highly popular with most Americans. Roosevelt's Republican opponent was Governor Alfred M. Landon of Kansas, a political moderate. Although some political pundits predicted a close race, Roosevelt would win the greatest electoral landslide since the beginning of the current U.S. two-party system in the 1850s, carrying all but 8 electoral votes.

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

Democratic candidates

* Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States from New York
* Henry S. Breckinridge, lawyer from New York

Candidates gallery

President Roosevelt faced only one primary opponent other than favorite sons. Henry S. Breckinridge, an anti-New Deal lawyer from New York, filed to run against Roosevelt in four primaries. Breckinridge's test of the popularity of the New Deal among Democrats failed, as he lost by wide margins. In New Jersey, President Roosevelt did not file for the preference vote and lost that primary to Breckinridge, though he did receive 19% of the vote on write-ins. Roosevelt's candidates for delegate swept the race in New Jersey and elsewhere. In other primaries, Breckinridge's best showing was his 15% in Maryland. Overall, Roosevelt received 93% of the primary vote, compared to 2% for Breckinridge [http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55176] .

The Democratic Party Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The delegates unanimously renominated incumbents President Franklin Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner. At Roosevelt's request, the two-thirds rule, which had given the South a veto power, was repealed.

Republican Party nomination

The Republican candidates for office were:
*Senator William Edgar Borah of Idaho
*Leo J. Chassee of West Virginia
*Stephen A. Day of Illinois
*Senator Lester J. Dickinson of Iowa
*Former Governor Warren Green of South Dakota
*Former President Herbert C. Hoover of California
*Owner and publisher Frank Knox of Illinois
*Governor Alf Landon of Kansas
*Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary of Oregon
*Former United States Secretary of the Treasury Ogden L. Mills of New York
*Former Governor-General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. of New York
*Senator Frederick Steiwer of Oregon
*Social worker Francis Townsend of California
*Senator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan
*Alameda County District Attorney Earl Warren of California

Although many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Landon and Senator Borah, were considered to be serious candidates. While favorite sons Knox, Warren, Green, and Day won their respective primaries, the 70-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and "insurgent," carried the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. However, the party machinery almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions.

With Knox withdrawing as Landon's selection for Vice President and Day, Green, and Warren releasing their delegates, the tally at the convention was:

* Alfred Landon 984
* William E. Borah 19

Other nominations

Many people expected Huey Long, the colorful Democratic senator from Louisiana, to run as a third-party candidate with his "Share Our Wealth" program as his platform, but his bid was cut short when he was assassinated in September 1935.

It was later revealed by historian and Long biographer T. Harry Williams that the senator had never, in fact, intended to run for the presidency in 1936. Instead, he had been plotting with Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality, to run someone else on the soon-to-be-formed "Share Our Wealth" Party ticket. According to Williams, the idea was that this candidate would split the left-wing vote with President Roosevelt, thereby electing a Republican president and proving the electoral appeal of SOW. Long would then wait four years and run for president as a Democrat in 1940.

Prior to Long's death, leading contenders for the role of the sacrificial 1936 candidate included Senators Burton K. Wheeler (D-Montana) and William E. Borah (R-Idaho) and Governor Floyd B. Olson (FL-Minnesota). After the assassination, however, the two senators lost interest in the idea and Olson was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer.

Father Coughlin, who had allied himself with Dr. Francis Townsend, a left-wing political activist who was pushing for the creation of an old-age pension system, and Rev. Gerald L.K. Smith, a well-known white supremacist and spokesman for the Christian Right, was eventually forced to run Congressman William Lemke (R-North Dakota) as the candidate of the newly-created "Union Party." Lemke, who lacked the charisma and national stature of the other potential candidates, fared poorly in the election, barely managing 2% of the vote, and the party was dissolved the following year.

William Dudley Pelley, Chief of the Silver Shirts Legion, ran on the ballot in Washington state, managing to secure less than 2,000 votes.

General election

Campaign

The election was held on November 3, 1936.

This election is notable for the "Literary Digest" poll, which was based on 10 million questionnaires mailed to readers and potential readers; over two million were returned. The "Literary Digest", which had correctly predicted the winner of the last 5 elections, announced in its October 31 issue that Landon would be the winner with 370 electoral votes. The cause of this mistake is believed to be due to improper sampling: more Republicans subscribed to the "Literary Digest" than Democrats, and were thus more likely to vote for Landon than Roosevelt. This mistake by the "Literary Digest" proved to be devastating to the magazine's credibility, and in fact the magazine went out of existence within a few months of the election.

That same year, George Gallup, an advertising executive who had begun a scientific poll, predicted that Roosevelt would win the election, based on a quota sample of 50,000 people. He also predicted that the "Literary Digest" would mis-predict the results. His correct predictions made public opinion polling a critical element of elections for journalists and indeed for politicians. The Gallup Poll would become a staple of future presidential elections, and remains one of the most prominent election polling organizations to this day.

Roosevelt won by a landslide, carrying 46 of the 48 states and bringing in many additional Democratic members of Congress. After Lyndon Johnson in 1964, Roosevelt's 60.8% of the popular vote is the second-largest percentage in U.S. history since the nearly unopposed election of James Monroe in 1820 and his 98.5% of the electoral vote is the highest in two-party competition. Roosevelt won the second largest number of electoral votes in history. Some political pundits predicted that the Republicans, whom many voters blamed for the Great Depression, would soon become an extinct political party. However, the Republicans would make a strong comeback in the 1938 congressional elections and would remain a potent force in Congress, although they were not able to win the presidency again until 1952.

The Electoral College results, in which Landon only won Maine and Vermont, inspired Democratic party chairman James Farley to amend the then-conventional political wisdom of "As Maine goes, so goes the country" into "As goes Maine, so goes Vermont." Additionally, a prankster posted a sign on Vermont's border with New Hampshire the day after the 1936 election; it read: "You are now leaving the United States."

Results

Source (Popular Vote): Leip PV source 2| year=1936| as of=July 31, 2005

Source (Electoral Vote): National Archives EV source| year=1936| as of=July 31, 2005

Results by state

Close states

#New Hampshire, 1.75%
#Kansas, 7.72%

Bibliography

* Kristi Andersen, "The Creation of a Democratic Majority: 1928-1936" (1979), statistical
* James McGregor Burns, "Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox" (1956)
* Fadely, James Philip. "Editors, Whistle Stops, and Elephants: the Presidential Campaign of 1936 in Indiana." "Indiana Magazine of History" 1989 85(2): 101-137. Issn: 0019-6673

* William E. Leuchtenburg, "Election of 1936", in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., "A History of American Presidential Elections" vol 3 (1971), analysis and primary documents
* Donald McCoy, "Landon of Kansas" (1968)
* Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "The Politics of Upheaval" (1960), online version

References

ee also

* As Maine goes, so goes Vermont
* History of the United States (1918-1945)
* United States Senate elections, 1936

External links

* [http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1936.htm 1936 popular vote by counties]
* [http://www.msu.edu/~sheppa28/elections.html#1936 How close was the 1936 election?] - Michael Sheppard, Michigan State University

Navigation