Automatic link establishment

Automatic link establishment

Automatic Link Establishment, commonly known as ALE, is the worldwide de facto standard for digitally initiating and sustaining HF (High Frequency) radio communications.cite web|title=Frequency Agile Systems in the MF/HF Bands |author=Telecom Bureau, ITU-D/SG|date=2000-Dec-14
url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups/SGP_1998-2002/SG2/Documents/2001/080R1e.doc
format=doc | publisher=International Telecommunications Union
] ALE is a feature in an HF communications radio transceiver system, that enables the radio station to make contact, or initiate a circuit, between itself and another HF radio station or network of stations. The purpose is to provide a reliable rapid method of calling and connecting during constantly changing HF ionospheric propagation, reception interference, and shared spectrum use of busy or congested HF channels.

How ALE works

Each ALE radio is an HF SSB single sideband radio transceiver with an internal microprocessor or computer attached to it. It has a unique ALE Address, similar to a phone number. When not actively in contact with another station, the HF SSB transceiver constantly scans through a list of HF frequencies called channels, listening for any ALE signals transmitted by other radio stations. To reach a specific station, the caller enters the ALE Address just like dialing a phone number. The ALE controller selects the best available channel that is not busy, and listens to see if it is already occupied before it sends out brief selective calling signals containing the addresses. When the distant scanning station detects the first few characters of its ALE address, it stops scanning and stays on that channel. The two stations' ALE controllers automatically handshake to confirm that a link is established, and they are ready to communicate. The station receiving the call, which was muted, typically emits an audible alarm and shows a visual alert to the operator, thus indicating the incoming call. It also indicates the callsign or other identifying information of the linked station, similar to Caller ID. The operators then can talk in a regular conversation, or, in the case of an automated system, digital data can be exchanged.

Practical ALE use by skilled and unskilled operators

Due to the vagaries of ionospheric communications, HF radio as used by large governmental organizations in the mid-20th century was traditionally the domain of highly skilled and trained radio operators. One of the new characteristics that embedded microprocessors and computers brought to HF radio via ALE, was alleviation of the need for the radio operator to constantly monitor and change the radio frequency manually to compensate for ionospheric conditions or interference. For the average user of ALE, after learning how to work the basic functions of the HF transceiver, it became similar to operating a cellular mobile phone. For more advanced functions and programming of ALE controllers and networks, it became similar to the use of menu-enabled consumer equipment or the optional features typically encountered in computer software.

Common applications provided by ALE

An ALE radio system enables connection for voice conversation, alerting, data exchange, texting, instant messaging, email, file transfer, image, geo-position tracking, or telemetry. With a radio operator initiating a call, the process normally takes a few minutes for the ALE to pick an HF frequency that is optimum for both sides of the communication link. It signals the operators audibly and visually on both ends, so they can begin communicating with each other immediately. In this respect, the longstanding need in HF radio for repetitive calling on pre-determined time schedules or tedious monitoring static is eliminated. It is useful as a tool for finding optimum channels to communicate between stations in real-time. In modern HF communications, ALE has largely replaced HF prediction charts, propagation beacons, chirp sounders, propagation prediction software, and traditional radio operator educated guesswork. ALE is most commonly used for hooking up operators for voice contacts on SSB (single sideband modulation), HF internet connectivity for email, SMS phone texting or text messaging, real-time chat via HF text, Geo Position Reporting, and file transfer. High Frequency Internet Protocol or HFIP may be used with ALE for internet access via HF.

Techniques used

The essence of ALE techniques is the use of automatic channel selection, scanning receivers, selective calling, handshaking, and robust burst modems. All received ALE signals, gathered by channel scanning, containing a station ALE address are tracked and stored in Link Quality Analysis (LQA) memory, with the signal's channel frequency, signal quality, and time stamp. When a call is initiated, the LQA lookup table is searched and the best channel is used to rapidly establish communications between the calling and called stations. ALE techniques also include automatic signaling, automatic station identification ( sounding ), polling, , message store-and-forward, address linking protection, and anti-spoofing. Optional ALE functions include polling and the exchange of orderwire commands and messages. The orderwire message, known as AMD Automatic Message Display, is the most commonly used text transfer method of ALE, and the only universal method that all ALE controllers have in common for displaying text.

ALE historic background

ALE evolved from HF radio selective calling technology. It put together scanning selective calling with microprocessors, burst transmissions, and transponding. Early ALE systems were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by several radio manufacturers.cite web | title=ALE--The Coming of Automatic Link Establishment | author=Adair, R.; Peach, D. | date=1990-JAN | url=http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/pdf/9001qex003.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=ARRL, QEX, 1990-JAN, Reprint of NTIA ITS] The first ALE controller units were external rack mounted controllers connected to control military radios. Various methods and proprietary digital signaling protocols were used by different manufacturers in first generation ALE, leading to incompatibility. Later, a cooperative effort among manufacturers and the US government resulted in a second generation of ALE that included the features of first generation systems, while improving performance. The second generation 2G ALE system standard in 1986, MIL-STD-188-141A, was adopted in FED-STD-1045 cite web | title=Federal Standard 1045A | url=http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1045a/ | format=html | publisher=US Government ] for US federal entities. In the 1980s, military and other entities of the US government were installing early ALE units, using ALE controller products built primarily by US companies. The primary application during the first 10 years of ALE use was government and military radio systems, and the expense of equipment was high. By the late 1990s, most new government HF radios purchased were designed to meet the compatibility standard, so that they could interoperate. As the standards were adopted by other governments worldwide, more manufacturers produced competitively priced HF radios to meet this government standard, and civilian entities started using 2G ALE. By approximately 2000, so many civilian and government organizations worldwide were using ALE that it became the de facto HF interoperability standard. In the late 1990s, a third generation 3G ALE with higher performance was included in MIL-STD-188-141B,cite web | title=MIL-STD 188-141B
url=http://hflink.com/standards/ALE_standard_188_141B.pdf
format=PDF | publisher=US Government
] retaining backward compatibility with 2G ALE, and was adopted in NATO STANAG 4538.

ALE as a force multiplier

As ALE evolved, it became increasingly applied by organizations, not so much due to the unskilled operator aspect, but more seeking to benefit from its advantages as a communications force multiplier. The force multiplication is provided through enabling one operator to do the job that traditionally required many skilled HF operators with multiple radios simultaneously, or doing things that were not possible with manual HF radio operation before the inception of ALE. Force multiplication in the general sense, applies equally to military, governmental, or civilian non-governmental use. In the case of interoperation, the form in which force multiplication became most evident was to enable a station to participate with near simultaneity in many different HF networks for monitoring and immediate response. Thus the radio operator staffing and radio system installation requirements were considerably reduced, to the point of enabling small mobile or portable stations to participate in multiple networks and subnetworks.

World standards and protocols

The common basic world protocol standards for ALE are based on the original US MIL-STD 188-141A and FED-1045, known as 2nd Generation or 2G ALE. 2G ALE uses non-synchronised scanning of channels, and it takes about several seconds to half a minute to repeatedly scan through an entire list of channels looking for calls. Thus it requires sufficient duration of transmission time for calls to connect or link with another station that is unsynchronised with its calling signal. The vast majority of ALE systems in use in the world at the present time are 2G ALE.

Second generation 2G ALE technical characteristics

techniques.cite book | author=Klingenfuss, J. |title=Radio Data Code Manual (17th Ed.)| publisher=Klingenfuss Publications | date=2003 | isbn=3-924509-56-5 | page=72-78]

Third generation 3G ALE technical characteristics

Newer standards of ALE called 3rd Generation or 3G ALE, use accurate time synchronisation via GPS-locked clocks to achieve faster and more dependable linking. Through synchronisation, the calling time to achieve a link may be reduced to less than 10 seconds. The 3G ALE modem signal also provides better robustness, and can work in channel conditions that are less favorable than 2G ALE.cite web | title=Simulation Results for Third-Generation HF Automatic Link Establishment | author=Johnson, E. | date=2008-AUG-17
url=http://wireless.nmsu.edu/hf/papers/milcom99.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=New Mexico State University
] Dwell groups, limited callsigns, and shorter burst transmissions enable more rapid intervals of scanning. All stations in the same group scan and receive each channel at precisely the same time window. Although 3G ALE is better and more reliable, the existence of a large installed base of 2G ALE radio systems, and the wide availability of moderately priced equipment, has made 2G the baseline standard for global interoperability.

Basis for HF interoperable communications

Interoperation is a critical issue for the disparate entities which use radiocommunications to fulfill the needs of organizations. Largely due to the ubiquity of 2G ALE, it became the primary method for providing interoperation on HF between governmental, non-governmental organizations, disaster relief agencies, emergency communications entities, and amateur radio. With digital techniques increasingly employed in communications equipment, a universal digital calling standard was needed, and ALE filled the gap. Nearly every major HF radio manufacturer in the world builds ALE radios to the 2G standard to meet the high demand that new installations of HF radio systems conform to this standard protocol. Disparate entities that historically used incompatible radio methods were then able to call and converse with each other using the common 2G ALE platform. Some manufacturers and organizations have utilized the AMD feature of ALE to expand the performance and connectivity.cite web | title=Codan Automatic Link Management CALM
url=http://hf-ssb-transceiver.at-communication.com/en/codan/hf_ssb_transceiver_ngt.html
format=PDF | publisher=Codan
] In some cases, this has been successful, and in other cases, the use of proprietary preamble or embedded commands has led to interoperation problems.

Emergency / disaster relief or extraordinary situation response communications

ALE radiocommunication systems for both HF regional area networks and HF interoperative communications are in service among emergency and disaster relief agencies. Extraordinary response agencies and organizations use ALE to respond to situations in the world where conventional communications may have been temporarily overloaded or damaged. In many cases, it is in place as alternative back-channel for organizations that may respond to situations or scenarios to anticipate the possibility of loss of instantaneous conventional communications. Natural disasters such as earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes, tsunamis, tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions are typical examples of natural disaster situations in which organizations may deem ALE use to be part of their critical system backup plan. ALE networks are common among organizations engaged in extraordinary situation response, such as: man-made disasters, transportation, internet or telecommunication network failures, war, investigations, international hostility mitigation, peacekeeping, or anti-terrorism. Well-known examples of organizations using ALE for Emergency management, disaster relief, or extraordinary situation response include: Red Cross, FEMA, Disaster Medical Assistance Teams, NATO, Federal Bureau of Investigation, United Nations, AT&T, [http://www.ncs.gov/shares/ SHARES] , State of California OES (Office of Emergency Services), other US States' OES, and Amateur Radio Emcomm.

International HF telecommunications for disaster relief

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU), in response to the need for interoperation in international disaster response spurred largely by humanitarian relief, included ALE in its Telecommunications for Disaster Relief recommendations.cite web | title=ITU ALE Handbook
url=http://hflink.com/itu/ITU_ALE_Handbook.pdf
format=PDF | publisher=International Telecommunications Union ITU
] The increasing need for instant connectivity for logistical and tactical disaster relief response communications, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake tsunami led to ITU actions of encouragement to countries around the world toward loosening restrictions on such communications and equipment border transit during catastrophic disasters. The IARU Global Amateur Radio Emergency Communications Conferences and IARU Global Simulated Emergency Tests have included ALE. cite web | title=ALE for Emergency Disaster Relief Communications | author=IARU | date=2007-AUG-17 | format=PDF | size=25Mbyte
url=http://hflink.com/garec/ALE_IARU_GlobalEmCommConference2007.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=International Amateur Radio Union IARU
]

ALE use in international amateur radio

Amateur Radio operators began sporadic ALE operation on a limited basis in the early to mid 1990s,cite web | title=ALE--The Coming of Automatic Link Establishment | author=Menold, Ronald E., AD4TB | date=1995-FEB
url=http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/pdf/9502068.pdf
format=pdf | publisher=ARRL, QST Volume 79, Number 2
] with commercial ALE radios and ALE controllers. In 2000, the first widely available software ALE controller for the Personal Computer, "PCALE", became available, and hams started to set up stations based on it. In 2001, the first organized and coordinated global ALE nets for International Amateur Radio began. In August 2005, ham radio operators supporting communications for emergency Red Cross shelters used ALE for Disaster Relief operations during the Hurricane Katrina disaster.cite web | title=ALE for Emergency / Disaster Relief Communications | author=Crystal, B. ; Barrow, A. | date=2007-AUG-17
url=http://www.hflink.com/garec/garec2007/index_files/v3_document.htm
format=html | publisher=International Amateur Radio Union IARU
] After the event, hams developed more permanent ALE emergency/disaster relief networks, including internet connectivity, with a focus on interoperation between organizations. The amateur radio [http://hflink.com Automatic Link Establishment] system uses an open net protocol to enable all amateur radio operators and amateur radio nets worldwide to participate in ALE and share the same ALE channels interoperably. Amateur radio operators may use it to call each other for voice or data communications.cite web | title=ARRL We Do That: What Is ALE? | author=Crystal, B. | date=2008-MAR-31
url=http://wedothatradio.wordpress.com/2008/03/31/23/
format=html | publisher=ARRL, National Association for Amateur Radio
]

ALE adaptations to amateur radio for interoperability

Amateur radio operators commonly provide local, regional, national, and international emergency / disaster relief communications. The need for interoperability on HF led to adaption of [http://hflink.com Automatic Link Establishment ALE] open networks by hams. Amateur radio adapted 2G ALE techniques, by utilizing a common denominator the 2G ALE protocol, with a limited subset of features found in the majority of all ALE radios and controllers. Each amateur radio ALE station uses the operator's callsign as the address, also known as the ALE Address, in the ALE radio controller. The lowest common denominator technique enables any manufacturer's radios or software to be utilized for interoperative communication and networking. Known as Ham-Friendly ALE, the amateur radio ALE standard is used to establish radio-communications, through a combination of active ALE on internationally recognized automatic data frequencies, and passive ALE scanning on voice channels and all other channels. In this technique, active ALE frequencies include pseudo-random periodic polite station identification, while passive ALE frequencies are silently scanned for selective calling. Ham-Friendly ALE technique is also known as 2.5G ALE, because it maintains 2G ALE compatibility while employing some of the adaptive channel management features of 3G ALE, but without the accurate GPS time synchronization of 3G ALE.

Global amateur radio high frequency network for interoperable emergency disaster relief communications

Hot standby nets are in constant operation 24/7/365 for International Emergency and Disaster Relief communications. The [http://hflink.com/hfn/ Ham Radio Global ALE High Frequency Network] , which began service in June 2007, is the world's largest intentionally open ALE network for internet connectivity. It is a free open network staffed by volunteers, and utilized by amateur radio operators supporting disaster relief organizations.

International amateur radio ALE coordination details

International amateur radio ALE High Frequency channels are frequency coordinated with all Regions of the [http://www.iaru.org/ International Amateur Radio Union] (IARU entity of ITU), for international, regional, national, and local use in the Amateur Radio Service. All Amateur Radio ALE channels use "USB" Upper Sideband standard. Different rules, regulations, and bandplans of the region and local country of operation apply to use of various channels. Some channels may not be available in every country. Primary or global channels are in common with most countries and regions.cite web | title=ARRL Technical Information Service page:ARRLWeb: ALE (Automatic Link Establishment | author=ARRL | date=2005-AUG-01
url=http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/ale.html
format=html | publisher=ARRL, National Association for Amateur Radio
]

International amateur radio ALE channels

ALE in international amateur radio popular culture

Amateur radio has a long tradition of free communications with global reach, predating the internet. A popular message-passing or "pure communication" subculture within international amateur radio has been active since the early days of radio itself.cite web | title=ARRLWeb: Ham Radio History | author=ARRL | date=2008-FEB-12
url=http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/history.html | format=html | publisher=ARRL, National Association for Amateur Radio
] Indeed, the US ARRL was originally formed for such purposes. Amateur radio is famous for pioneering technology for radio communications in the 20th century, and modernization through the use of ALE has recently become part of ham radio's digital technological advancement in the 21st century. ALE is recognized among the international ham community. Mention of the word Ale among hams often leads to a joke or pun, with reference to the term beer. The community of hams using HF is also quite sensitive to comparisons between amateur radio and the internet, and some see the interconnection of internet with ham radio as heresy or contradictory to what they perceive as the pure essence of ham radio, RF "Radio Frequency only". Others see any interconnection with the internet as leading to "dependence" on the internet which is often unavailable in disasters and emergencies.

ALE in US amateur radio popular subculture

Amateur radio operators in the US also have adopted ALE for hobby purposes, including DXing, NVIS, award seeking, keeping in touch with friends, and personal education. Although ham radio often uses evolving technology, the evolution of HF technology within the US ham popular culture is often fraught with resistance to change. Like the luddites of 19th century Britain, cite web | title=Is it OK to be a Luddite? | author=Pynchon, T. | date=1984-OCT-28
url=http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_essays_luddite.html | format=html | publisher=The Modern World
] a subculture of hams in US includes individualsWho|date=September 2008 who do not embrace the changes that new technology, such as ALE development, brings. SomeWho|date=September 2008 see ham radio as a hobby that is best pursued only for personal gratification and sporting competition, cite web | title=DX The Ultimate Contact Sport | author=ARRL | url=http://www.arrl.org/FandES/ead/materials/DX.ppt | format=ppt | publisher=ARRL ] and as such, should not focus on providing free emergency or disaster relief services such as embodied in popular ALE use. Tradition runs deep; for example, ham radio is one of the few remaining radio services that continues to actively use and vehemently promote Morse Code for nostalgic, traditional, competitive, social, and practical reasons. Perception of the need for preservation of 20th century social values and manual operating traditions and skills of ham radio operation has led to advocacy for luddism, or the seeking of active suppression of some types of HF technological advancement in ham radio. It is a generally-recognized pejorative in amateur radio circles to call someone an "appliance operator" cite web url="http://dzabcik.home.texas.net/ham.html"] .

Anti-ALE advocacy in US amateur radio popular culture

Some US radio hams have advocated abolishment or suppression of automation trends, and in 2007, a ham formally petitioned the FCC,cite web | title=FCC DA 08-1082
url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-08-1082A1.pdf
format=PDF | publisher=US Government Federal Communications Commission FCC
] to abolish ALE and other popular automatic data systems and modes on HF. According to FCC documents, over 600 comments were received, with the overwhelming majority urging FCC to rule against the petition that became widely knownVerify source|date=September 2008 in US amateur radio popular culture as RM11392. In May 2008 the FCC did rule against the petition, in an Official FCC Order.cite web | title=Digital Stone Age FCC Petition RM-11392
url=http://www.hflink.com/fcc/digitalstoneage/FCC_denies_digital_stone_age_petition.PDF
format=PDF | publisher=US Government Federal Communications Commission FCC
] In The Official Order "page 6", the FCC said: "...we believe that amending the amateur service rules to limit the ability of amateur stations to experiment with various communications technologies or otherwise impeding their ability to advance the radio art would be inconsistent with the definition and purpose of the amateur service. Moreover, we do not believe that changing the rules to prohibit a communications technology currently in use is in the public interest." "

After the Official FCC Order was published, there remained a small number of US hams who continued to argue in social forums against ALE and other modes, saying they "still feel" that ALE and automatic operation on HF "should be" against the rules; fix
link=Wikipedia:Citation needed
text=citation needed
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title=This claim needs references to reliable sources
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cat=
cat-date=Category:Articles with unsourced statements
or that ALE is an HF propagation beacon. fix
link=Wikipedia:Citation needed
text=citation needed
class=noprint Template-Fact
title=This claim needs references to reliable sources
date=September 2008
cat=
cat-date=Category:Articles with unsourced statements
ALE is seen by some American ham operatorsWho|date=September 2008 as a direct affront to their personal skills and abilities to manually operate a radio set. fix
link=Wikipedia:Citation needed
text=citation needed
class=noprint Template-Fact
title=This claim needs references to reliable sources
date=September 2008
cat=
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Some have sought to rally support for their cause by calling HF automatic data stations "evil robots". fix
link=Wikipedia:Citation needed
text=citation needed
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title=This claim needs references to reliable sources
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The amateur radio community is a broad cross-section of humanity, and there will probably continue to be heated social debate and interest in all things that deal with automation trends on High Frequency radio." (End of unverifiable paragraph) "

ee also

* MFSK
* Selective Calling
* Amateur Radio
* Amateur Radio Emcomm
*

References

*cite web|title=Frequency Agile Systems in the MF/HF Bands |author=ITU Telecom Bureau |date=2000-Dec-14
url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups/SGP_1998-2002/SG2/Documents/2001/080R1e.doc
format=doc | publisher=ITU

*
*
* cite web | title=MIL-STD 188-141B
url=http://hflink.com/standards/ALE_standard_188_141B.pdf
format=PDF | publisher=US Government

* cite web | title=ITU ALE Handbook
url=http://hflink.com/itu/ITU_ALE_Handbook.pdf
format=PDF | publisher=International Telecommunications Union ITU

* cite web | title=Codan Automatic Link Management CALM
url=http://hf-ssb-transceiver.at-communication.com/en/codan/hf_ssb_transceiver_ngt.html
format=PDF | publisher=Codan

*cite web | title=ALE for Emergency / Disaster Relief Communications | author=Crystal, B. ; Barrow, A. | date=2007-AUG-17
url=http://www.hflink.com/garec/garec2007/index_files/v3_document.htm
format=html | publisher=International Amateur Radio Union IARU

*cite web | title=Digital Stone Age FCC Petition RM-11392
url=http://www.hflink.com/fcc/digitalstoneage/FCC_denies_digital_stone_age_petition.PDF
format=PDF | publisher=US Government Federal Communications Commission FCC

*cite web | title=ALE for Emergency Disaster Relief Communications | author=IARU | date=2007-AUG-17 | format=PDF | size=25Mbyte
url=http://hflink.com/garec/ALE_IARU_GlobalEmCommConference2007.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=International Amateur Radio Union IARU

*cite web | title=FCC DA 08-1082|url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-08-1082A1.pdf
format=PDF | publisher=US Government Federal Communications Commission FCC


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