Michael Jackson (TV)

Michael Richard Jackson (born 11 February 1958cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article235788.ece|title=Profile: Michael Jackson - Britain's latest TV export|publisher=The Independent|first=Mary|last=Braid|date=2001-07-28|accessdate=2007-01-22|pages=5] ) is a British television producer and executive. He is notable for being one of only three people to have been Controller of both BBC One and BBC Two, the main television channels of the British Broadcasting Corporation, and for being the first media studies graduate to reach a senior level in the British media. He was also the Chief Executive of another major British television station, Channel 4, between 1997 and 2001.cite news|url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/columnists/story/0,,529597,00.html|title=Farewell to TV's Tony Blair|publisher=The Guardian|format=Requires free registration|first=Emily|last=Bell|date=2001-06-30|accessdate=2007-01-22]

Early life and career

Born in Macclesfield, Jackson was the son of Ernest Jackson, a baker, and his wife Margaret. He was educated at The King's School in Macclesfield, and his sister later claimed in a newspaper feature that he was already focused on a media career by the age of twelve. Following school, Jackson studied at the Polytechnic of Central London (renamed the University of Westminster in 1992), from which he graduated with a First Class Honours BA in Media Studies in 1979. The media studies degree at the Polytechnic of Central London had been launched by David Cardiff in 1969, when the institution was still known by its former title of Regent Street Polytechnic, and was the first such degree course ever to have been established in the United Kingdom.cite news|title=Obituary: David Cardiff|publisher=The Independent|first=Hugh|last=Cecil|date=2003-08-27|accessdate=2007-01-22|pages-16]

Immediately after graduating, Jackson became the organiser of "The Channel Four Group",cite news|url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/channel4/story/0,,842440,00.html|title=I didn't run away|publisher=The Guardian|format=Requires free registration|first=Mark|last=Lawson|authorlink=Mark Lawson|date=2002-11-18|accessdate=2007-01-22] having written his final year dissertation at university on the prospect of a fourth national television channel in Britain. The Channel Four Group was a collective of television producers lobbying the British Government to establish a new independent television channel outside of the BBC / ITV duopoly, to act as a "publisher" of programmes produced by independent production companies rather than using the almost exclusively in-house production methods the existing channels then employed. This channel, named Channel 4, was eventually launched in 1982, and Jackson was the producer of one of its first major documentary series, "The Sixties", screened that year.

The following year he joined the staff of the independent production company Beat Productions Ltd, where he continued to make programmes for Channel 4. The two most noted programmes he worked on for the channel during the 1980s were "Open the Box", which looked at the way television programmes were both produced and viewed and the attitudes held towards them, and "The Media Show", of which he was founding editor when it launched in 1987.cite news|title=Arts: Behind the screens|publisher=The Times|first=Chris|last=Peachment|date=1987-03-14|accessdate=2007-01-23] "The Media Show" went on to become an acclaimed series, described by Waldemar Januszczak in "The Guardian" newspaper in 1997 as "one of the defining television programmes of the 1980s... In Michael Jackson, its first producer, it gave us a media-genius."cite news|title=Television visionary: Obituary of Andy Lipman|publisher=The Guardian|first=Waldemar|last=Januszczak|date=1997-03-13|accessdate=2007-01-23]

Despite his success in the independent sector however, in 1988 Jackson was persuaded by Alan Yentob, the then Controller of BBC Two, to join the staff of the BBC. Jackson came to be seen as something of a protégé of Yentob's during his time at the corporation, both coming from a background in arts and media programming, and Yentob immediately installed Jackson as the founding editor of the new late-night BBC Two arts magazine series "The Late Show".

The BBC

Prior to the launch of "The Late Show" in January 1989, there was some scepticism as to whether or not the programme, running four nights per week on BBC Two in a late night slot after "Newsnight", would be a success. In a feature for "The Times" newspaper on television arts coverage, published two months prior to the show's launch, Brian Appleyard wrote that: "the real tension is building up around "The Late Show" and its young creator, Michael Jackson."cite news|title=Culture club shake-up|publisher=The Times|first=Brian|last=Appleyard|date=1988-11-12|accessdate=2007-01-23] Appleyard pointed out that: "the investment financial, intellectual and egotistical in the programme is enormous... Yentob is determined to put his own cultural stamp on BBC2 and Jackson has everything to prove." However, the programme went on to be a success, running for six years. Looking back at "The Late Show" and other television arts programming in a feature for "The Guardian" in 2003, David Herman felt that the programme represented the last great era of television arts coverage. "The Late Show" cast its net wider in terms of formats... What drove it was the enthusiasm and passions of its presenters, producers and editors, and this built a certain eclecticism and unashamed highbrowness into its agenda... It could be argued that the real high point of intellectual life on British television was not the 1960s or the 1970s, but the decade between the beginning of Channel 4 and the end of "The Late Show" in 1995."cite news|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,11710,1075282,00.html|title=Thought crime|publisher=The Guardian|first=David|last=Herman|date=2003-11-01|accessdate=2007-01-23|pages=18 (Saturday Pages)]

Jackson remained as editor of "The Late Show" for the next two years, until in 1991 he was promoted to become BBC television's Head of Music and Arts.cite news|title=Call for tax to end TV licence|publisher=The Times|first=Melinda|last=Wittstock|date=1991-05-23|accessdate=2007-01-23] At the age of thirty-three, he was the youngest Head of Department in the history of the BBC.

In 1993, at the age of thirty-five, he became the second youngest Channel Controller in the BBC's history when he was promoted to succeed Yentob, who had been promoted to Controller of BBC One, as Controller of BBC Two.cite news|title=Arts chief switches to BBC2|publisher=The Times|first=Alexandra|last=Frean|date=1993-04-02|accessdate=2007-01-23|pages=7] Jackson's time at BBC Two was generally seen as a great success — he was described by "The Guardian" in 1996 as "one of the best controllers BBC2 has ever had."cite news|title=Birt's new BBC - Who will be number one at Two?|publisher=The Guardian|first=Maggie|last=Brown|date=1996-07-22|accessdate=2007-01-23|pages=20] During his time in charge of the channel it increased its average audience share from 10% to 11%, and was the only channel during that period to increase its audience share in households which had cable or satellite television.

Jackson enjoyed particular success with drama at BBC Two, finally commissioning the production of Peter Flannery's serial "Our Friends in the North" (1996) in 1994 after the drama had spent a decade in development and been commissioned and then cancelled on two previous occasions.cite news|title=Friendly fire|publisher=The Guardian|first=Mark|last=Lawson|authorlink=Mark Lawson|date=1996-01-01|accessdate=2007-01-23|pages=2] Its £7 million budget was a record for BBC Two, but the serial was a great success, garnering huge critical acclaim [cite news|title=Our Friends in the North (BBC2)|first=Thomas|last=Sutcliffe|publisher=The Independent|date=1996-03-12|accessdate=2007-01-23|pages=24] [cite news|title=The BBC's voice of two nations|first=Jeffrey|last=Richards|publisher=The Independent|date=1996-03-13|accessdate=2007-01-23|pages=15] [cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/tv/100/list/prog.php?id=25|title=BFI TV 100 - Our Friends in the North|first=Phil|last=Wickham|publisher=British Film Institute|year=2000|accessdate=2007-01-23] and many accolades at the British Academy Television Awards (BAFTAs), Royal Television Society Awards and others. [cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115305/awards|title=Awards for Our Friends in the North|publisher=Internet Movie Database|accessdate=2007-01-23] Other drama successes came with "This Life" (1996–97) and the American import "The X-Files" (1994–96; its ratings success on BBC Two saw it transferred to BBC One).

Other successes Jackson oversaw at the channel included the documentary series "The Death of Yugoslavia" (1995) and "The House" (1996), the daytime television series "Ready Steady Cook" (1994–present) and "Esther" (1996–98)cite news|title=A range of options|publisher=The Guardian|first=Andrew|last=Culf|date=1996-02-19|accessdate=2007-01-23] and the comedies "The Day Today" (1994), "Knowing Me, Knowing You with Alan Partridge" (1994) and "The Fast Show" (1994–2000).cite news|title=Quiet man at the 4 front: Michael Jackson|publisher=The Guardian|first=Steve|last=Clarke|date=1997-06-23|accessdate=2007-01-23|pages=2] However, he also took the decision to cancel "The Late Show", the series he himself had initiated, in 1995.cite news|title=Howled off; Television arts programming|publisher=The Sunday Times|first=John|last=Dugdale|date=1995-04-09|accessdate=2007-01-23] "I think it simply boils down to Michael not wanting to spend that much money that late," was how one "insider" described the decision to "The Sunday Times" newspaper. He also delayed the transmission of the second series of the sitcom "Joking Apart"; this has been seen as ruining the momentum that the series needed to become established.cite web|first=Graham|last=Kibble-White|title="FOOL IF YOU THINK IT'S OVER"|work=Off the Telly|url=http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/comedy/jokingapart.htm|month=May | year=2006|accessdate=2006-12-22]

Jackson's next move came somewhat unexpectedly in the summer of 1996, when the Director-General of the BBC, John Birt, unveiled a series of major — and controversialcite news|title=Why is Birt killing off a top team?|publisher=The Times|first=Alexandra|last=Frean|date=1996-06-12|accessdate=2007-01-23|pages=23] — changes to the structure of the corporation. The administration of the BBC was to be split into two main divisions; BBC Broadcast, responsible for the commissioning of programmes and the running of the channels, and BBC Production, responsible for producing in-house programme content.cite news|title=BBC merges radio and television production|publisher=The Guardian|first=Andrew|last=Culf|date=1996-11-07|accessdate=2007-01-23] Some of these changes were made very suddenly — Alan Yentob was informed that he was to be moved on from his post as Controller of BBC One, and allegedly given just forty-eight hours to decide whether he wanted to run BBC Broadcast as Director of Television or BBC Production as Director of Programmes.

Yentob chose the latter, which although technically a promotion was interpreted by some as him having effectively been sidelined.cite news|title=Yentob back in power role at BBC|publicher=The Guardian|first=Andrew|last=Culf|date=1997-05-24|accessdate=2007-01-23|pages=6] In his place, Jackson was promoted to a dual role as both Controller of BBC One and Director of Television, responsible overall for all BBC television broadcasting as well as the implementation of planned future services on the new digital television platforms. "The Guardian" suggested, in reference to Jackson's replacement of Yentob at BBC One, that "in the end Yentob was eclipsed by his protege."

Jackson had little time to make a significant impact in his new senior role at BBC One, however. He did commission a new range of idents for the channel, keeping the traditional "globe" theme used since 1963, but now based around the globe in the form of a roaming hot air balloon. But in May 1997, after less than a year in his new post and in what "The Guardian" described as "a hammer blow" to the BBC, Jackson was tempted away from the corporation to succeed Michael Grade as the Chief Executive of Channel 4. He took up the post at the end of June.

Channel 4

At Channel 4, Jackson enjoyed several notable successes. In 1998 the channel won the rights to broadcast the England cricket team's home Test matches in a £103 million deal, for the first time in history taking the coverage away from the BBC, which had broadcast television coverage of such matches since 1938.cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/cricket/194168.stm|title=Channel 4 wins rights to home Tests|publisher=BBC News Online|date=1998-10-16|accessdate=2007-01-23] Channel 4's coverage of the sport went on to win a British Academy Television Award (BAFTA) for Best Sports Coverage in 2000.cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/748982.stm|title=Bafta TV awards: The winners|publisher=BBC News Online|date=2000-05-15|accessdate=2007-01-23]

The channel's comedy output enjoyed particular success under Jackson's aegis, with the sitcoms "Spaced" (1999–2001) and "Black Books" (2000–04), sketch show "Smack the Pony" (1999–2003) and the more generally comic "Da Ali G Show" (2000) and "So Graham Norton" (1998–2002) all proving to be popular successes. However, it was the launch of the British version of "Big Brother" (2000–present) that proved to be his longest-lasting legacy, with the reality television series becoming an immediate popular culture event and proving to be a returning mainstay of the Channel 4 schedules.cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/1595619.stm|title=Michael Jackson: Media man|publisher=BBC News Online|date=2001-10-15|accessdate=2007-01-23]

In drama, Jackson was at times criticised for relying more on US imports than home-grown material, with "Ally McBeal", "The West Wing" and "Sex and the City" all arriving at the broadcaster during his time there. In 1999 he also spent £100 million reacquiring the rights to the US drama series "ER" — in a joint deal which also included the sitcom "Friends" — which Channel 4 had lost first-run rights for to rival broadcaster Sky1 in 1996.cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/568283.stm|title=Channel 4's £100m Friends deal|publisher=BBC News Online|date=1999-12-16|accessdate=2007-01-23] Home-grown drama successes were rarer, as he himself admitted in a 2001 interview with "The Guardian".cite news|url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/mediaguardian/story/0,,582368,00.html|title=The house that Jacko built|publisher=The Guardian|format=Requires free registration|first=Maggie|last=Brown|date=2001-10-29|accessdate=2007-01-23] He did, however, point to notable British drama successes with "Queer as Folk" (1999–2000) and "Teachers" (2001–04), describing the former as one of the "signature shows" of his time at the channel.

The high spending on imported shows, however, contributed to a financial shortfall at Channel 4 that saw the channel negotiating a £55 million overdraft in his final year in charge, and by October that year having already used up most of a £49 million reserve it had set aside for the year. Jackson also later admitted that he had made a mistake in setting up the channel's independent film production company FilmFour Limited in 1998.cite web|url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,,1047175,00.html|title=Jackson: I got it wrong with FilmFour|first=Jason|last=Deans|publisher=Guardian Unlimited|Format=Requires free registration|date=2003-09-22|accessdate=2007-01-23] Channel 4 had participated in feature film production ever since its launch in 1982, backing successful films such as "Four Weddings and a Funeral" (1994), but FilmFour Limited was an attempt to set up a full-blown rival to Hollywood studio productions. The studio saw several of its big-budget films flop, and was eventually closed down in 2002, with the channel going back to its original more modest film backing strategy. More successful spin-offs from the main channel under Jackson's control were the establishment of the offshoot digital television channels E4 and Film4, which continued to grow successfully.

In 2001 Channel 4 won eleven BAFTAs,cite news|title=Channel 4 chief quits for America|publisher=The Times|first=Raymond|last=Snoddy|date=2001-07-24|accessdate=2007-01-23] but on 23 July that year Jackson shocked many in the British television industry when he announced that he had decided to leave the channel to work for Barry Diller's USA Entertainment company. Jackson had first been approached by Diller in 2000, but had declined his initial offer as he had wanted to remain at Channel 4 to oversee the launch of the E4 digital channel. The reaction to Jackson's departure was similar to that which had greeted his equally unexpected move from BBC One four years previously. One producer for Channel 4 told "The Independent" the week that his decision was announced that: "We are devastated."

America

Jackson's initial role in the US was as President and Chief Executive of USA Entertainment. In this role he was responsible for overseeing the cable television networks USA Network and Sci-Fi, as well as the feature film production company USA Films. After various mergers, his job became Chairman of Universal Television,cite news|title=Creative Brits pass the US screen test|publisher=The Independent on Sunday|first=Andrew|last=Gumbel|date=2004-04-25|accessdate=2007-01-24|pages=18] and in this role he commissioned the successful drama series "Monk" (2002–present) and "The Dead Zone" (2002–07).cite news|url=http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,1747670,00.html|title=New job, new medium, same fundamentals|publisher=The Guardian|first=Dan|last=Milmo|date=2006-04-06|accessdate=2007-01-24] In January 2006, he was made President of Programming of Barry Diller's IAC/InterActiveCorp internet business, responsible for producing multi-media content for the company's various websites.

Since his move to the USA, Jackson has been linked at various times with a return to a senior media position in the United Kingdom. In September 2002, only one year after he had left the country, the "Independent on Sunday" reported that Jackson had put himself forward as a candidate to run the ITV network,cite news|title=Ailing ITV offers top job to Michael Grade|publisher=The Independent on Sunday|first=James|last=Morrison|date=2002-09-22|accessdate=2007-01-24|pages=5] but nothing eventually came of this. Similarly, there was media speculation that he would at least apply for the vacancy of Director-General of the BBC following Greg Dyke's resignation in early 2004,cite web|url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1195953,00.html|title=Thompson rules himself out of BBC job|publisher=Guardian Unlimited|format=Requires free registration|first=Owen|last=Gibson|coauthors=Jason Deans|date=2004-04-20|accessdate=2007-01-24] again with no result. In 2006, "The Observer" reported that ITV wanted Jackson to replace their outgoing Chief Executive Charles Allen,cite news|url=http://money.guardian.co.uk/news_/story/0,,1843385,00.html|title=ITV to target Jackson as successor to Allen|publisher=The Observer|first=Richard|last=Wachman|date=2006-08-20|accessdate=2007-01-24] but this role eventually went to Michael Grade, Jackson's predecessor at Channel 4; as a result, Grade resigned from his post as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the BBC in a similarly surprising move to Jackson's departure from the corporation in 1997.cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6189994.stm|title=Grade quits BBC post to join ITV|publisher=BBC News Online|date=2006-11-28|accessdate=2007-01-24]

References

External links

*imdb name|id=1577843|name=Michael Jackson