Giovanni Domenico Cassini

Infobox_Scientist
name = Giovanni Domenico Cassini

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image_width = 260px
caption = Giovanni Domenico Cassini
birth_date = birth date|1625|06|08|mf=y
birth_place = Perinaldo, Republic of Genoa
death_date = death date and age|1712|09|14|1625|06|08|mf=y
death_place = Paris, France
residence = Italy
nationality = flagicon|Italy Italian (1625-1673)
flagicon|France French (1673-1712)
field = mathematics, astronomy, engineering, and astrology
work_institution = University of Bologna
alma_mater = The Jesuit College at Genoa
doctoral_advisor =
doctoral_students =
known_for =
prizes =
religion = Roman Catholic
footnotes =

Giovanni Domenico Cassini (June 8, 1625–September 14, 1712) was an Italian mathematician, astronomer, engineer, and astrologer. Cassini, also known as Giandomenico Cassini, was born in Perinaldo, near Sanremo, at that time in the Republic of Genoa.

Astronomer

Cassini was an astronomer at the Panzano Observatory, from 1648 to 1669. He was a professor of astronomy at the University of Bologna and became, in 1671, director of the Paris Observatory. He thoroughly adopted his new country, to the extent that he became interchangeably known as Jean-Dominique Cassini —although that is also the name of his great-grand-son.

Along with Robert Hooke, Cassini is given credit for the discovery of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter (ca. 1665). Cassini was the first to observe four of Saturn's moons, which he called "Sidera Lodoicea"; he also discovered the Cassini Division (1675). Around 1690, Cassini was the first to observe differential rotation within Jupiter's atmosphere.

In 1672 he sent his colleague Jean Richer to Cayenne, French Guiana, while he himself stayed in Paris. The two made simultaneous observations of Mars and thus found its parallax to determine its distance, thus measuring for the first time the true dimensions of the solar system.

Cassini was the first to make successful measurements of longitude by the method suggested by Galileo, using eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter as a clock.

Astrologer

Attracted to the heavens in his youth, his first interest was in astrology rather than astronomy. Later in his life he focused almost exclusively on astronomy alone and all but denounced astrology as he became more and more involved in the Scientific Revolution. While young he read widely on the subject of astrology, and soon he was very knowledgeable about it; it was his extensive knowledge of astrology that led to his first appointment as an astronomer.

Panzano Observatory position

In 1645 the Marquis Cornelio Malvasia, who was a senator of Bologna with a great interest in astrology, invited Cassini to Bologna and offered him a position in the Panzano Observatory which he was constructing at that time. Most of their time was spent calculating newer, better, and more accurate ephemerides for "astrological purposes" using the rapidly advancing "astronomical methods" and tools of the day.

Moving to France

In 1669 Cassini moved to France and through a grant from Louis XIV of France helped to set up the Paris Observatory which opened in 1671; Cassini would remain the director of the observatory for the rest of his career until his death in 1712. In 1673 he became a French citizen. For the remaining forty-one years of his life Cassini served as astronomer/astrologer to Louis XIV ("The Sun King"); serving the expected dual role yet focusing the overwhelming majority of his time on astronomy rather than the astrology he had studied so much of in his youth.

During this time, Cassini's method of determining longitude was used to measure accurately the size of France for the first time. The country turned out to be considerably smaller than expected, and the king quipped that Cassini had taken more of his kingdom from him than he had won in all his wars.

Engineering

Cassini was employed by Pope Clement IX in regard to fortifications, river management, and flooding of the Po River.

The Pope asked Cassini to take Holy Orders to work with him permanently but Cassini turned him down because he wanted to work on astronomy full time.

In the 1670s, Cassini began work on a project to create a topographic map of France, using Gemma Frisius's technique of triangulation. The project was continued by his son Jacques Cassini and eventually finished by his grandson Cassini de Thury and published as the Carte de Cassini in 1789 [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020657] or 1793 [http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Topographic-Map.html] . It was the first topographic map of an entire country.

Bibliography

* Anna Cassini, "Gio. Domenico Cassini. Uno scienziato del Seicento", Comune di Perinaldo, 1994. (Italian)
* Giordano Berti (a cura di), "G.D. Cassini e le origini dell’astronomia moderna", catalogo della mostra svoltasi a Perinaldo -Im-, Palazzo Comunale, 31 agosto - 2 novembre 1997. (Italian)
* Giordano Berti e Giovanni Paltrinieri (a cura di), "Gian Domenico Cassini. La Meridiana del Tempio di S. Petronio in Bologna", Arnaldo Forni Editore, S. Giovanni in Persiceto, 2000. (Italian)

Named after Cassini

* Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn
* The Cassini Division in Saturn's rings
* Cassini Regio, dark area on Iapetus
* Cassini crater on Mars
* Cassini crater on the Moon
* Cassini's Laws
* 24101 Cassini, an asteroid
* Cassini's identity for Fibonacci numbers
* Cassini oval
* [http://www.asp.net/Projects/Cassini/Download/Default.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1 Cassini Web Server]

External links

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03405b.htm Catholic Enyclopedia article]
*

Persondata
NAME=Cassini, Giovanni Domenico
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Astronomer, discovered Saturn moons and Great Red Spot of Jupiter
DATE OF BIRTH=1625-6-8
PLACE OF BIRTH=Perinaldo
DATE OF DEATH=1712-09-14
PLACE OF DEATH=Paris